Pemoline and Methylphenidate: Interaction With Mood, Sleepiness, and Cognitive Performance During 64 Hours of Sleep Deprivation

Abstract. Caffeine placebo expectation seems to improve vigilance and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effect of caffeine and placebo expectation on vigilance and cognitive performance during 28 h sleep deprivation. Ten healthy males volunteered to take part in the double-blind, cross-over study, which required participants to complete five treatment periods of 28 h separated by 1-week wash-out intervals. The treatments were no substance (Control); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 (C200); placebo 200 mg at 00:00 (P200); twice caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and 04:00 (C200-C200); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and placebo 200 mg at 04:00 (C200-P200). Participants were told that all capsules were caffeine and given information about the effects of caffeine to increase expectation. Vigilance was assessed by a three-letter cancellation test, cognitive functions by the continuous addition test and Stroop test, and cardiovascular regulation by heart rate and blood pressure. Tests were performed bihourly from 00:00 to 10:00 of the second day. Results indicated that C200-P200 and C200-C200 were more alert (p < .05) than Control and P200. Their cognitive functions were higher (p < .05) than Control and P200. Also, C200-P200 scored higher than C200 in the letter cancellation task (p < .05). No test showed any significant differences between C200-P200 and C200-C200. The results demonstrated that the combination of caffeine 200 mg and placebo 200 mg expectation exerted prolonged positive effects on vigilance and cognitive performance.

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Author Correction: Cervical transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (ctVNS) improves human cognitive performance under sleep deprivation stress

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02377-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lindsey K. McIntire ◽

R. Andy McKinley ◽

Chuck Goodyear ◽

John P. McIntire ◽

Rebecca D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Vagal Nerve ◽

Vagal Nerve Stimulation

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293 Predictive utility of a brief scale to identify U.S. Army Soldiers who are genetically vulnerable and resilient to sleep loss

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.292 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A117-A117

Author(s):

Janna Mantua ◽

Carolyn Mickelson ◽

Jacob Naylor ◽

Bradley Ritland ◽

Alexxa Bessey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Sleep Loss ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Cognitive Subscale ◽

Army Soldiers ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

Abstract Introduction Sleep loss that is inherent to military operations can lead to cognitive errors and potential mission failure. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) allele variations of several genes (COMT, ADORA2A, TNFa, CLOCK, DAT1) have been linked with inter-individual cognitive resilience to sleep loss through various mechanisms. U.S. Army Soldiers with resilience-related alleles may be better-suited to perform cognitively-arduous duties under conditions of sleep loss than those without these alleles. However, military-wide genetic screening is costly, arduous, and infeasible. This study tested whether a brief survey of subjective resilience to sleep loss (1) can demarcate soldiers with and without resilience-related alleles, and, if so, (2) can predict cognitive performance under conditions of sleep loss. Methods Six SNPs from the aforementioned genes were sequenced from 75 male U.S. Army special operations Soldiers (age 25.7±4.1). Psychomotor vigilance, response inhibition, and decision-making were tested after a night of mission-driven total sleep deprivation. The Iowa Resilience to Sleeplessness Test (iREST) Cognitive Subscale, which measures subjective cognitive resilience to sleep loss, was administered after a week of recovery sleep. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine whether the iREST Cognitive Subscale can discriminate between gene carriers, and a cutoff score was determined. Cognitive performance after sleep deprivation was compared between those below/above the cutoff score using t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. Results The iREST discriminated between allele variations for COMT (ROC=.65,SE=.07,p=.03), with an optimal cutoff score of 3.03 out of 5, with 90% sensitivity and 51.4% specificity. Soldiers below the cutoff score had significantly poorer for psychomotor vigilance reaction time (t=-2.39,p=.02), response inhibition errors of commission (U=155.00,W=246.00,p=.04), and decision-making reaction time (t=2.13,p=.04) than Soldiers above the cutoff score. Conclusion The iREST Cognitive Subscale can discriminate between those with and without specific vulnerability/resilience-related genotypes. If these findings are replicated, the iREST Cognitive Subscale could be used to help military leaders make decisions about proper personnel placement when sleep loss is unavoidable. This would likely result in increased safety and improved performance during military missions. Support (if any) Support for this study came from the Military Operational Medicine Research Program of the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command.

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Could BDNF be involved in compensatory mechanisms to maintain cognitive performance despite acute sleep deprivation? An exploratory study

International Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

pp. 96-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bruno Lima Giacobbo ◽

Márcio Silveira Corrêa ◽

Kelem Vedovelli ◽

Carlos Eduardo Bruhn de Souza ◽

Letícia Martins Spitza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Acute Sleep Deprivation

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The effects of low-intensity cycling on cognitive performance following sleep deprivation

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.033 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexis B. Slutsky ◽

Jed A. Diekfuss ◽

James A. Janssen ◽

Nate T. Berry ◽

Chia-Hao Shih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Low Intensity

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044 Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive performance during subsequent sleep deprivation

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A19-A19

Author(s):

John Hughes ◽

Tracy Jill Doty ◽

Ruthie Ratcliffe ◽

Thomas Balkin

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Direct Current ◽

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Slow Oscillation ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Medicine Research ◽

Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽

Recovery Sleep

Abstract Introduction The EEG slow oscillation of < 1 Hertz frequency has been implicated in various sleep functions, sparking a recent interest in slow oscillation enhancement strategies. In a seminal study, Marshall et al. (2006) demonstrated that 25 minutes of a slow oscillatory form of transcranial direct current stimulation (SO-tDCS) during early nocturnal sleep improved subsequent retention of word pairs learned prior to sleep, consistent with a proposed role for the slow oscillation in sleep-related memory consolidation. Another proposed function of the slow oscillation is synaptic downscaling, hypothesized to constitute the physiological basis for satisfying the homeostatic drive for sleep, per the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis of Tononi and Cirelli. We sought to determine if SO-tDCS could enhance the restorative properties of sleep, by enhancing slow oscillation activity, during a restricted sleep opportunity by assessing performance during a subsequent period of sleep deprivation (SD). Methods Twenty-six healthy volunteers were randomized into two groups. Participants either received electrical stimulation with 50 minutes of SO-tDCS at 0.75Hz, or sham stimulation, during the second hour of a restricted two hour sleep opportunity (11:00PM TO 1:00AM), followed by a 46 hour period of SD and then two recovery nights of sleep. Vigilance was assessed periodically with the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) during a baseline day, SD, and during the two days following recovery sleep nights. Results A mixed linear regression revealed significant main effects of day, group, and the interaction between group and day on mean reaction time (RT). Posthoc analysis revealed faster RTs following stimulation on day 2 of SD. It was also found that participants in the stimulation group had fewer major lapses (RTs > 500 ms) than those in the sham group over the first three days following stimulation. Conclusion Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation during a portion of a restricted period of sleep appears to enhance sleep’s restorative properties and improves cognitive performance during subsequent sustained wakefulness. The mechanistic basis for this phenomenon may be increased slow oscillation induced synaptic renormalization. Support (if any) Department of Defense Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP)

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