scholarly journals Elemental Sulfur Reduces to Sulfide in Black Layer Soil

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1615-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Berndt ◽  
Joseph M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Reaction Vessel ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Soil Redox ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Black Layer

Black layer (BL) has reduced the quality of many putting greens since the 1980s. Initially, the nature of BL was unknown. Research established that BL was sulfide (S2−) formed in response to low redox. Its formation was linked to dissimilative sulfate reduction using labeled sulfate (35SO4 2−). The objective of this study was to see if elemental sulfur (S0) reduced to S2−. When labeled sulfur (35S0) with a specific activity of 3.7 × 104 Bq·mg−1 was added to soil from a green with BL in a reaction vessel kept at a low redox potential, it reduced at a per-minute rate of 5.3 nmol·cm−3, resulting in accrual of labeled hydrogen sulfide (H2 35S) and acid-soluble sulfide (AS35S). Nearly 32% of the 35S0 reduced to labeled sulfide (35S2–) in 24 h. Adding S0 to greens with low redox may result in rapid formation of S2– and an accelerated rate of BL development. Avoiding this requires limiting the input of S0 or encouraging high soil redox through chemical or physical means such as fertilizing with nitrate (NO3 –) and aerifying. This is the first report implicating S0 reduction as a source of BL development in putting green soil.

scholarly journals Elemental Sulfur Lowers Redox Potential and Produces Sulfide in Putting Green Sand

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1188-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Berndt ◽  
J.M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Green Sand ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Free Hydrogen ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Black Layer

Biological production of sulfide (S2-) in soil has been reported to depend on system redox potential and on the concentrations of available sulfate (\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) \end{document}) and organic carbon (OC). The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine whether elemental sulfur (So) could influence redox potential and S2- production in sand used to construct putting greens. Treatment with So depressed redox potential as pe + pH, and stimulated accumulation of both free H2S and acid-soluble S2-. Organic carbon as lactate (C3H5O3Na) intensified the effects of So, primarily by influencing pH. Thus, So application could induce anaerobiosis and subsequently affect turf quality by heightening production of free hydrogen sulfide (H2S). It could also contribute to S2- accumulation possibly expressed as a black layer or blackening of the root zone.

scholarly journals Dissimilatory Reduction of Sulfate in Black Layer

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Berndt ◽  
Joseph M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Biological Reduction ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Black layer has been associated with a severe decline in the quality of turf on putting greens. It was suggested that the black layer results from dissimilatory sulfate (SO42–) reduction. This study was done to determine if SO42– reduction occurs in an existing black layer. Radioactive 35SO42– was used to calculate the rate of SO42– reduction in intact soil cores taken from an existing black layer in a `Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. `Penncross') putting green. When 10–3 M 35SO42– with a specific activity of 1.554 × 105 Bq·mg–1 SO42– was injected into a core it reduced to sulfide (35S2–) at a mean rate of 7.1 nmol sulfur (S)/cm3 soil/d. Injecting azide (N3–) or molybdate (MoO42–) at 10% w/v with the label reduced the rate of SO42– reduction to 0.03 and 0.01 nmol S/cm3 soil/d, respectively. The effect of N3– confirmed that reduction of SO42– was biological, while the effect of MoO42– confirmed that the entities responsible for the reductive cycling were sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs). This was the first proof that biological reduction of SO42– produces S2– in a black layer from a creeping bentgrass putting green. It was concluded that the respiration of indigenous SRBs was linked to development of this black layer. Thus, a key to successfully controlling black layer in putting greens must involve regulating the respiratory activities of SRBs.

scholarly journals Preventive Control of Pythium Root Dysfunction in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens and Sensitivity of Pythium volutum to Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kerns ◽  
M. D. Soika ◽  
L. P. Tredway
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Field Efficacy

Pythium root dysfunction (PRD), caused by Pythium volutum, has been observed on golf course putting greens established with creeping bentgrass in the southeastern United States since 2002. To evaluate preventative strategies for management of this disease, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in Pinehurst, NC on a ‘G-2’ creeping bentgrass putting green. Fungicide treatments were applied twice in the fall (September and October) and three times in the spring (March, April, and May) in each of the 3 years. Applications of pyraclostrobin provided superior preventative control compared with the other fungicides tested. Azoxystrobin and cyazofamid provided moderate control of PRD in two of three seasons. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the disease suppression provided by pyraclostrobin was due to fungicidal activity or physiological effects on the host. In vitro sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, cyazofamid, mefenoxam, propamocarb, and fluopicolide was determined for 11 P. volutum isolates and 1 P. aphanidermatum isolate. Isolates of P. volutum were most sensitive to pyraclostrobin (50% effective concentration [EC50] value = 0.005), cyazofamid (EC50 = 0.004), and fluoxastrobin (EC50= 0.010), followed by azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.052), and mefenoxam (EC50 = 0.139). P. volutum isolates were not sensitive to fluopicolide or propamocarb. Applications of pyraclostrobin did not increase the foliar growth rate or visual quality of creeping bentgrass in growth-chamber experiments. This work demonstrates that fall and spring applications of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, and cyazofamid suppress the expression of PRD symptoms during summer and that field efficacy is related to the sensitivity of P. volutum to these fungicides.

Apparatus for Producing Elemental Sulfur from Highly Concentrated Hydrogen Sulfide-Containing Gases

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
F. R. Ismagilov ◽  
M. K. Dzheksenov ◽  
A. V. Kurochkin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Elemental Sulfur

Improving the quality of hydrogen sulfide contaminated biogas by bioscrubber

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. S68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitrutai Tosati ◽  
Siriwat Jinsiriwanit
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide

Predicting the solubility of elemental sulfur in hydrogen sulfide through a molecular dynamics approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 139193
Author(s):  
Nong Li ◽  
Liqiang Zhao ◽  
Ying Wan ◽  
Xiaohang Deng ◽  
Xiangyu Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Elemental Sulfur

scholarly journals Effect of abiotic factors on sulfidogenic activity of bacteria Desulfuromonas sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
O. M. Сhaіka ◽  
T. B. Peretyatko
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Sulfide Concentration ◽  
Sulfur Concentration ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration

Sulfur-reducing bacteria are promising agents for the development of new methods of wastewater treatment with the removal of ions of heavy metals and organic compounds. Study of the effect of various environmental factors on the growth and sulfidogenic activity of sulfur-reducing bacteria allows one to investigate the adaptability of these microorganisms to stress factors. The paper deals with the effect of рН, different concentrations of elemental sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and presence of various electron acceptors on the growth and sulfidogenic activity of bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. YSDS-3. The calculation of C/S ratio for sulfur-reducing bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. YSDS-3 was made, with the comparison with similar parameters of sulfate-reducing bacteria. In the medium with elemental sulfur, concentration of hydrogen sulfide increased with the concentration of elemental sulfur. Bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. YSDS-3 accumulated their biomass in the most effective way at the concentration of elemental sulfur of 10–100 mM. In the medium with polysulfide form of sulfur at the neutral pH, bacteria produced hydrogen sulfide and accumulated biomass the best. Hydrogen sulfide at the concentration of 3 mM did not inhibit the bacterial growth, but further increase in the hydrogen sulfide concentration inhibited the growth of bacteria. The bacteria did not grow at the hydrogen sulfide concentration of 25 mM and above. As the concentration of elemental sulfur and cell density increases, sulfidogenic activity of the bacteria grows. Presence of two electron acceptors (S and K2Cr2O7, S and MnO2, S and Fe (III)) did not affect the accumulation of biomass of the bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. YSDS-3. However, under such conditions the bacteria accumulated 1.5–2.5 times less hydrogen sulfide than in the test medium. After 12–24 h of cultivation, different concentrations of elemental sulfur had a significant effect on the sulfidogenic activity. However, during 3–16 days of cultivation, the percentage of effect of elemental sulfur concentration decreased to 31%, while the percentage of effect of cell density increased threefold. Presence in the medium of the electron acceptors (Cr (VI), MnO2, Fe (III)) alternative to elemental sulfur led to a significant decrease in the content of hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfur-reducing bacteria.

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