scholarly journals Dissimilatory Reduction of Sulfate in Black Layer

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Berndt ◽  
Joseph M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Biological Reduction ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Black layer has been associated with a severe decline in the quality of turf on putting greens. It was suggested that the black layer results from dissimilatory sulfate (SO42–) reduction. This study was done to determine if SO42– reduction occurs in an existing black layer. Radioactive 35SO42– was used to calculate the rate of SO42– reduction in intact soil cores taken from an existing black layer in a `Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. `Penncross') putting green. When 10–3 M 35SO42– with a specific activity of 1.554 × 105 Bq·mg–1 SO42– was injected into a core it reduced to sulfide (35S2–) at a mean rate of 7.1 nmol sulfur (S)/cm3 soil/d. Injecting azide (N3–) or molybdate (MoO42–) at 10% w/v with the label reduced the rate of SO42– reduction to 0.03 and 0.01 nmol S/cm3 soil/d, respectively. The effect of N3– confirmed that reduction of SO42– was biological, while the effect of MoO42– confirmed that the entities responsible for the reductive cycling were sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs). This was the first proof that biological reduction of SO42– produces S2– in a black layer from a creeping bentgrass putting green. It was concluded that the respiration of indigenous SRBs was linked to development of this black layer. Thus, a key to successfully controlling black layer in putting greens must involve regulating the respiratory activities of SRBs.

Effect of Benefin and DCPA on Overseeded Grasses Maintained as Putting Greens

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Coats ◽  
C. Y. Ward ◽  
E. L. McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Green Conditions

Overseeded rough bluegrass (Poa trivialisL. ‘Danish common’) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. ‘Gulf’) maintained under putting green conditions were more susceptible to benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) than creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHud. ‘Penn-cross’), red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Dawson’), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist II’). February applications of 1.68 or 3.36 kg/ha of benefin and 6.72 or 13.44 kg/ha of DCPA caused significantly more discoloration and reductions in density than equivalent rates applied in March or April. Benefin was more injurious than DCPA to all overseeded species as judged by quality or density. DCPA caused significant delays in the breaking of dormancy of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’].

scholarly journals Elemental Sulfur Reduces to Sulfide in Black Layer Soil

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1615-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Berndt ◽  
Joseph M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Reaction Vessel ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Soil Redox ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Black Layer

Black layer (BL) has reduced the quality of many putting greens since the 1980s. Initially, the nature of BL was unknown. Research established that BL was sulfide (S2−) formed in response to low redox. Its formation was linked to dissimilative sulfate reduction using labeled sulfate (35SO4 2−). The objective of this study was to see if elemental sulfur (S0) reduced to S2−. When labeled sulfur (35S0) with a specific activity of 3.7 × 104 Bq·mg−1 was added to soil from a green with BL in a reaction vessel kept at a low redox potential, it reduced at a per-minute rate of 5.3 nmol·cm−3, resulting in accrual of labeled hydrogen sulfide (H2 35S) and acid-soluble sulfide (AS35S). Nearly 32% of the 35S0 reduced to labeled sulfide (35S2–) in 24 h. Adding S0 to greens with low redox may result in rapid formation of S2– and an accelerated rate of BL development. Avoiding this requires limiting the input of S0 or encouraging high soil redox through chemical or physical means such as fertilizing with nitrate (NO3 –) and aerifying. This is the first report implicating S0 reduction as a source of BL development in putting green soil.

Use of TEM in Plant Disease Diagnosis: A Xylem-Limited Bacterium Associated with Diseased ‘Toronto’ Creeping Bentgrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
Karen K. Baker ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Plant Disease Diagnosis

Plant disease diagnosis is most often accomplished by examination of symptoms and observation or isolation of causal organisms. Occasionally, diseases of unknown etiology occur and are difficult or impossible to accurately diagnose by the usual means. In 1980, such a disease was observed on Agrostis palustris Huds. c.v. Toronto (creeping bentgrass) putting greens at the Butler National Golf Course in Oak Brook, IL.The wilting symptoms of the disease and the irregular nature of its spread through affected areas suggested that an infectious agent was involved. However, normal isolation procedures did not yield any organism known to infect turf grass. TEM was employed in order to aid in the possible diagnosis of the disease.Crown, root and leaf tissue of both infected and symptomless plants were fixed in cold 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in a 1:1 mixture of Spurrs and epon-araldite epoxy resins.

Control of Silvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) Putting Greens

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith D. Burnell ◽  
Fred H. Yelverton ◽  
Joseph C. Neal ◽  
Travis W. Gannon ◽  
J. Scott McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Sulfate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Elk River ◽  
Turfgrass Quality

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate chemicals for silvery-thread moss control and bentgrass turfgrass quality. Treatments included iron (Fe)-containing products, nitrogen fertilizers, Ultra Dawn dishwashing detergent (UD) at 3% (v/v), and oxadiazon. In general, greater silvery-thread moss control was achieved with Fe-containing products. Ferrous sulfate at 40 kg Fe/ha plus ammonium sulfate at 30 kg N/ha, a combined product of ferrous oxide, ferrous sulfate, and iron humates (FEOSH) at 125 kg Fe/ha, and a combined product of iron disulfide and ferrous sulfate (FEDS) at 112 kg Fe/ha reduced silvery-thread moss populations 87, 81, and 69%, respectively, 6 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). UD reduced silvery-thread moss populations 57% 6 WAIT. The addition of oxadiazon to Fe-containing treatments did not improve silvery-thread moss population reduction. Other experiments evaluated two formulations of chlorothalonil, each applied at two rates, chlorothalonil with zinc at 9.5 and 17.4 kg ai/ha and chlorothalonil without zinc at 9.1 and 18.2 kg/ ha, and two spray volumes (2,038 and 4,076 L/ha). Greater silvery-thread moss population reduction was observed at Jefferson Landing in 1999 compared with Elk River in 1999 and 2000. Rainfall events at Elk River in 1999 and 2000 within 24 h after application and no rain at Jefferson Landing may account for variation in performance of products between sites. However, no difference in chlorothalonil formulation, rate, or spray volume was observed in any location or year. These data indicate that Fe-containing fertilizers or chlorothalonil can be used to reduce silvery-thread moss populations in creeping bentgrass putting greens.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Biological and Chemical Removal of Sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO in Anaerobic Conditions and Regulation of Sulfate Reduction Products

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Lijian Sun ◽  
Jiti Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Biological Reduction ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

In the simultaneous flue gas desulfurization and denitrification by biological combined with chelating absorption technology, SO2 and NO are converted into sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO which need to be reduced in biological reactor. Increasing the removal loads of sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO and converting sulfate to elemental sulfur will benefit the application of this process. A moving-bed biofilm reactor was adopted for sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO biological reduction. The removal efficiencies of the sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO were 96% and 92% with the influent loads of 2.88 kg SO42−·m−3·d−1 and 0.48 kg NO·m−3·d−1. The sulfide produced by sulfate reduction could be reduced by increasing the concentrations of Fe(II)EDTA-NO and Fe(III)EDTA. The main reduction products of sulfate and Fe(II)EDTA-NO were elemental sulfur and N2. It was found that the dominant strain of sulfate reducing bacteria in the system was Desulfomicrobium. Pseudomonas, Sulfurovum and Arcobacter were involved in the reduction of Fe(II)EDTA-NO.

scholarly journals Pythium Species Associated with Root Dysfunction of Creeping Bentgrass in Maryland

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Feng ◽  
Peter H. Dernoeden
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Cornmeal Agar ◽  
Isolated Species

Putting green samples (n = 109) were inspected for the presence of Pythium oospores in roots of plants from golf courses (n = 39) in Maryland and adjacent states. Twenty-eight Pythium isolates were recovered from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) (n = 25) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) (n = 3) plants. Most isolates associated with Pythium-induced root dysfunction were from greens less than 3 years of age and were obtained primarily between March and June, 1995 to 1997. Eight Pythium species (P. aristosporum, P. aphanidermatum, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. torulosum, P. vanterpoolii, P. volutum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from creeping bentgrass and two species (P. graminicola and P. torulosum) were from annual bluegrass. All species, except P. catenulatum, were pathogenic to ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass seedlings in postemergence pathogenicity tests. P. aristosporum (n = 3) and P. aphanidermatum (n = 1) were highly aggressive at a low (18°C) and a high temperature (28°C). P. graminicola (n = 1) was low to moderately aggressive. P. torulosum (n = 12) was the most frequently isolated species, but most isolates were either nonpathogenic or caused very little disease. P. aristosporum (n = 3) and P. aphanidermatum (n = 1) were highly aggressive and were associated with rapid growth at 18 and 28°C on cornmeal agar. P. volutum (n = 1) was highly aggressive at 18°C, but was one of slowest growing isolates. Infected roots were generally symptomless, and the number of oospores observed in roots was not always a good indicator of disease or of the aggressiveness of an isolate. Large numbers of oospores of low or even nonpathogenic species may cause dysfunction of creeping bentgrass roots.

Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Putting Green Tolerance to Bispyribac-Sodium

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Stephen E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Chelated Iron ◽  
Putting Green

Bispyribac-sodium is an efficacious herbicide for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass fairways, but turf tolerance and growth inhibition may be exacerbated by low mowing heights on putting greens. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to investigate creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance to bispyribac-sodium. In greenhouse experiments, creeping bentgrass discoloration from bispyribac-sodium was exacerbated by reductions in mowing height from 24 to 3 mm, but mowing height did not influence clipping yields or root weight. In field experiments, discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens was greatest from applications of 37 g/ha every 10 d, compared to 74, 111, or 222 g/ha applied less frequently. Chelated iron effectively reduced discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens from bispyribac-sodium while trinexapac-ethyl inconsistently reduced these effects. Overall, creeping bentgrass putting greens appear more sensitive to bispyribac-sodium than higher mowed turf, but chelated iron and trinexapac-ethyl could reduce discoloration.

Tiller production and dry matter accumulation in six creeping bentgrass genotypes grown in Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cattani ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Green Core ◽  
Tiller Density

Tiller production and dry matter accumulation were monitored in six creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Hud.) genotypes maintained as a putting green. Core samples for tiller density and aboveground biomass determinations were collected at intervals between October 1987 and October 1989. Two experimental lines, UM84-01 and UM86-01, produced more (P < 0.05) tillers and higher (P < 0.05) aboveground biomass than the commercial cultivars Penneagle, National, Emerald and Seaside. Both tiller density and aboveground biomass rankings among genotypes were consistent over the study period. Although lower tillering genotypes had a significantly higher aboveground biomass per tiller, total aboveground biomass was influenced more by tiller density than by biomass per tiller. The relationship between tiller density and tiller dry weight was expressed mathematically to determine potential wear stress resistance among genotypes. Key words: Creeping bentgrass, tillering, biomass accumulation

Pathogenicity of Pythium torulosum to roots of Agrostis palustris in black-layered sand produced by the interaction of the cyanobacteria species Lyngbya, Phormidium, and Nostoc with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton F. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Pythium Torulosum

Studies were initiated to determine the pathogenicity of Pythium torulosum to Agrostis palustris roots growing in sand with subsurface black layer produced by the interaction of cyanobacteria and the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The interaction of P. torulosum with cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans was also evaluated. Pythium torulosum decreased the dry weight of roots and shoots of A. palustris to 41 and 35%, respectively, of the control plants in the absence of black layer and the organisms responsible for its formation. The combination of P. torulosum and D. desulfuricans, in the absence of black layer, induced the most severe decrease in root (20% of controls) and shoot (25% of controls) dry weights. Damage to roots induced by P. torulosum in combination with various isolates of cyanobacteria, in the absence of black layer, was equal to that of P. torulosum alone; shoot dry weight loss was less than that caused by P. torulosum alone. Pathogenicity of P. torulosum to roots when combined with cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans in the presence of black layer was the same as that with P. torulosum alone and in combination with cyanobacteria; shoot dry weight did not differ from that of P. torulosum combined with cyanobacteria. The presence of cyanobacteria with P. torulosum and D. desulfuricans in black-layered sand decreased root and shoot dry weight loss induced by the two latter organisms. Key words: anaerobic, black plug layer, golf greens, sulfate reduction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document