Flower Empowerment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Educational Reforms ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Paid Labor ◽  
Upper Middle Class

Ikebana, the art of Japanese flower arranging, was first systematized in the fifteenth century, when it was limited to elite male practitioners. It was first widely practiced by women in the early twentieth century, but did not reach mass popularity until the 1950s and 1960s, with an estimated ten million students, over 99 percent of whom were female. While it was still considered by many to be a domestic skill for upper-middle-class housewives, it increasingly offered employment for postwar Japanese women as teachers and even as headmasters (iemoto) of their own schools, allowing women to engage in paid labor without violating traditional gender norms. This chapter traces the trajectory of job opportunities for women in ikebana, examining how educational reforms in the Meiji and postwar periods provided chances to study and obtain teaching licenses in ikebana and how the three largest schools—Ikenobo, Ohara, and Sogetsu—increasingly professionalized their corps of teachers.

scholarly journals Eden Smith and the Canadian Domestic Revival

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Annmarie Adams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
Landed Gentry

The designer of more than 2500 detached houses in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Toronto, Eden Smith has been hailed as the author of a distinctly Canadian style of domestic architecture. Yet his self-promotion and the reception of his work in both the professional and popular presses of the time emphasize the Englishness of his houses. This paper considers the domestic architecture of Eden Smith as an index of attitudes held by Toronto's upper middle class toward Britain in the early twentieth century. What did the image of an "English house" represent in Edwardian Toronto? Why were these particular qualities attractive to Toronto's landed gentry? Eden Smith's architecture was both distinct and derivative. The language of the elevations was unmistakably British, while the plan of his houses was something completely new. Smith's popularity and his influence on subsequent generations of Canadian house-architects speak eloquently of the willingness of Toronto's middle class to try new things, but only clothed in the auspices of a British past.

Not a Fanatic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Self Control ◽  
American Religion ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

One of the more difficult aspects of middle-class respectability has been getting it right when it comes to displays of emotion—too little and a person seems stoical, indifferent, cold; too much and a person is likely to be accused of wearing their feelings on their sleeve, incapable of self-control, being dangerous, overzealous, a fanatic. Religion is a particularly interesting context in which to consider the display of emotion. This chapter examines how accusations of zealotry populated nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discussions of American religion. Zealotry was a contested idea that religious leaders, public officials, scholars, and the popular press discussed repeatedly. It was good, many commentators argued, for Americans to be zealous. But it was not good to be labeled a zealot. Zealots were led too much by their emotions. They were easily confused, frequently irrational, and sometimes dangerous.

Wonder House

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Onion
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Science Education ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Children's Museum

The Brooklyn Children’s Museum, the first children’s museum in the country, aimed its offerings at middle-class children who they saw as independent strivers. In discussing the types of science education available at their museum, the educators who ran the Brooklyn Children’s Museum showed how science education for boys in the early twentieth century was pitched at a higher level than the equivalent offerings for girls.

Manasā

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-119
Author(s):  
Saswati Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Mahayana Buddhism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Good Woman ◽  
Mahāyāna Buddhism ◽  
Negative Representation

Manasā worship is placed within a larger map of ophiolatry in India but unlike the cults of male deities associated with snakes, Manasā declines. In the printed bratakathā of the early twentieth century, her liminal qualities are presented through the metaphor of dance prescribed as a taboo. The dancing goddess is traced to the Bengali maṅgalakābyas of Manasā from the fifteenth century that attempt to rein in a laukika goddess with śāstrik norms. The negative representation of the goddess and her decline are found motivated in terms of her origin outside the caste-Hindu pantheon such as old tribal beliefs and Mahāyāna Buddhism, the subaltern caste location of her primary votives, her specialized knowledge and refusal to submit to patriarchal–heterosexual marital norms. Manasā’s malignancy in hegemonic culture emanates from her refusal to conform to Brahmanical femininity. The male scripting of the maṅgalakābyas constructs a good woman—Behulā—to counter her.

scholarly journals Nonconformity and socialism: the case of J. G. Greenhough, 1880–1914

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (258) ◽  
pp. 771-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Self Interest

Abstract This article examines the life, thought and activism of the prominent Baptist minister John Gershom Greenhough. Existing scholarly and popular narratives generally focus on the key role played by Nonconformity in nurturing the labour movement in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Using Greenhough as a case study this article posits an alternative interpretation of this relationship, contending that the individualistic religious culture of Nonconformity was often deeply hostile to socialism. This hostility motivated Greenhough, and others like him, to abandon their historical allegiance to the Liberal party in the early twentieth century in favour of the Conservatives. More broadly, this article investigates the process of political and ideological conversion and challenges dominant historical readings that characterize anti-socialism as being synonymous with middle-class economic self-interest.

‘What is a Beautiful Body?’

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 192-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat C. Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article examines the emergence and spread of the ‘sportsman’ genre of Ottoman photography in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Istanbul. The ‘sportsman photograph’ depicted young men posing shirtless or wearing tight-fitting athletic attire, flexing their muscles and exhibiting their bodies. These images were embedded in a wider set of athletic and leisure activities and constituted novel social and photographic practices. By tracing the deployment of ‘sportsman’ photographs in sports clubs and the press, I argue that they cemented homosocial bonds, normalized and popularized new notions of masculinity, confessionalized the male body and reconfigured the ways in which Ottoman Muslims, Christians and Jews performed and conveyed their commitment to middle-class notions of masculinity and the self.

scholarly journals Armour and Weapons in Tibet from Yongle to Younghusband Learning from Object-Driven Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald La Rocca
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

This paper presents an overview of the origins and development of research into various types of arms and armour used in Tibet from approximately the fifteenth century to the early twentieth century. Incorporated into this are a brief survey of well recognised examples and a review of the wide multiplicity of rare and less familiar forms, including helmets, armour for men and horses, swords, and firearms, many of which have only come to light over the past twenty-five years.

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