Germination and Emergence of Some Native Grasses in Relation to Litter Cover and Soil Moisture 1

1942 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 797-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Glendening
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Litter Cover

scholarly journals Landscape Coefficients for Single- and Mixed-species Landscapes

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1529-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. Pannkuk ◽  
Richard H. White ◽  
Kurt Steinke ◽  
Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson ◽  
David R. Chalmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Sodium Accumulation

Urban landscape irrigation is becoming increasingly important from a resource management point of view. Significant water use savings may be achieved if landscape irrigation is based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo). This study measured landscape crop coefficients (KL) for landscapes that are comprised of different vegetation types and irrigation water quality differences affecting KL. The KL was determined from the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to the ETo calculated from the modified Penman-Monteith equation. Irrigation quantity was based on 100% replacement of ETo. The KL values were determined for the following landscape vegetation on a fine sandy loam: St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.], a single shumard red oak (Quercus shumardii Buckl.), St. Augustinegrass plus red oak, native grasses [Muhlenbergia capillaries (Lam.) Trin. and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], and native grasses plus Red Oak in both College Station (CS) and San Antonio (SA), TX. Soil was systematically placed into lysimeters containing a drainage system and soil moisture probes. Lysimeters (1136 L) were placed in-ground in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Soil moisture measurements were made at 0- to 20-, 20- to 40-, and 40- to 60-cm depths. The KL was determined after a rainfall or irrigation event for periods of 2 to 5 days. During the combined growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, KL in SA increased from early, to mid, to late season. In CS, the KL was unaffected by plant treatment or season. The St. Augustinegrass treatment KL seasonally ranged from 0.45 to 0.62 in SA. In CS, soil sodium accumulation caused decreased KL. These results of KL for mixed-species landscapes on non-sodic sites trend toward seasonal values of 0.5 to 0.7 for irrigation decisions in southern Texas. Landscape coefficients can be used as a tool in irrigation decision-making, which could contribute to water savings in amenity landscapes.

Colonisation of jarrah forest bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchid mycorrhizal fungi

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Collins ◽  
Mark Brundrett ◽  
John Koch ◽  
Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Mine Rehabilitation ◽  
Litter Cover ◽  
Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Disturbed Habitats ◽  
Bauxite Mine

Orchids require mycorrhizal fungi for germination of seed and growth of seedlings. The colonisation of bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchids is therefore dependent on the availability of both seed and mycorrhizal fungi. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi baiting trials were carried out in rehabilitation areas that were 1, 10 and 26 years old (established in 2001, 1992 and 1976) and adjacent unmined jarrah forest areas at Jarrahdale, Western Australia. Fungal baits consisted of buried six-chambered nylon-mesh packets containing seed of six jarrah forest orchid taxa, Caladenia flava subsp. flava R.Br., Disa bracteata Sw., Microtis media subsp. media R.Br., Pterostylis recurva Benth., Pyrorchis nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and Thelymitra crinita Lindl. Detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi was infrequent, especially at the youngest rehabilitation sites where only mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. recurva were detected. Mycorrhizal fungi of the other orchid taxa were widespread but sparsely distributed in older rehabilitation and forest areas. Detection of mycorrhizal fungi varied between taxa and baiting sites for the two survey years (2002 and 2004). Caladenia flava subsp. flava and T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi were the most frequently detected. The presence of C. flava mycorrhizal fungi was correlated with leafy litter cover and maximum depth, and soil moisture at the vegetation type scale (50 × 5 m belt transects), as well as tree and litter cover at the microhabitat scale (1-m2 quadrats). The presence of T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated with soil moisture in rehabilitation areas and low shrub cover in forest. The frequency of detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi both at rehabilitated sites (15–25% of baits) and in unmined forest (15–50% of baits) tended to increase with rehabilitation age as vegetation recovered. The failure of some orchid taxa to reinvade rehabilitation areas is unlikely to be entirely due to absence of the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, since the infrequent detection of fungi suggests that they occur in isolated patches of soil, the majority of dispersed orchid seeds are likely to perish, especially in recently disturbed habitats.

scholarly journals Herpetofauna assemblage in two watershed areas of Kumoan Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 17684-17692
Author(s):  
Kaleem Ahmed ◽  
Jamal A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Euphlyctis Cyanophlyctis ◽  
Litter Depth ◽  
Litter Cover

We surveyed herpetofauna along the poorly-explored region of two watersheds of Kumoan Himalaya, Dabka and Khulgarh.  Adaptive cluster method was used to collect forest floor reptiles, and stream transect was used for stream reptiles and amphibians.  In total, 18 species of reptiles were recorded in two watersheds, with 15 and nine species recorded in Dabka and Khulgarh, respectively.  Forest floor density of reptiles was 87.5/ha in Dabka and 77.7/ha in Khulgarh.  In terms of species, Asymblepharus ladacensis and Lygosoma punctatus density were highest in Dabka and Khulgarh, respectively.  Eight species of amphibians were recorded in Dabka with a density of 9.4/ha and four species in Khulgarh with density of 5.2/ha.  In both watersheds, density of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis was highest.  Reptilian and amphibian diversity of Dabka was 1.52 and 1.23, respectively, and in Khulgarh 0.43 and 0.23, respectively.  In both watersheds reptile density, diversity and richness decreased with increasing elevation.  Reptile density showed a weak correlation with microhabitat features such as litter cover, litter depth, and soil moisture in both watersheds.  Amphibian density was positively correlated with soil moisture, litter cover, and litter depth.  Comparison showed that Dabka is richer and more diverse than Khulgarh, presumably because of the undisturbed habitat, broad and slow stream, and deeper forest litter of the former.

The effects of moisture stress on the germination of some Australian native grass seeds

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Hagon ◽  
CW Chan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The effects of moisture stress on the germination of the native grasses Themeda australis, Bothriochloa macra, Danthonia spp. and Stipa bigeniculata and the introduced species Lolium perenne (ryegrass) were investigated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. At osmotic potentials between -3 and -10 bars and soil water potentials between -4.5 and -10 bars, the level of germination of ryegrass was greater than that of the native grasses. Also, at any given soil water potential, the levels of germination of both ryegrass and the native grasses were greater in a clay soil than in a sandy one. When native grass seeds were sown on the surface of the soil in flats in a glasshouse there was no germination in the absence of added water, even though the initial soil moisture content was as high as 40 per cent in some cases and a straw mulch was applied. When flats were watered daily, Stipa had the highest percentage establishment and Themeda the least. Establishment of all species was reduced by a decline in soil moisture content.

Differential effects of acorn burial and litter cover on Quercus rubra recruitment at the limit of its range in eastern North America

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1115-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel García ◽  
María-José Bañuelos ◽  
Gilles Houle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
North America ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Litter Cover

Primary predators or dispersers such as birds and rodents cache acorns of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). A proportion of these acorns are not retrieved, and thus, animals may favour oak regeneration by placing acorns in microsites suitable for recruitment. We experimentally investigated the effects of acorn burial and litter cover on red oak recruitment at two sites at the northern limit of the species' range in North America. Laboratory experiments also tested the effects of acorn burial and litter cover on desiccation and germinability and the influence of soil moisture on germination. Burial and litter protected acorns against predation by deer in the field. Germination was promoted by burial both in field and laboratory experiments. Germination was proportional to acorn water content and to soil moisture. Seedling emergence in the field was enhanced by burial but reduced by litter cover. Acorns buried but uncovered by litter had the highest probability of recruiting a seedling. A potential effect of seed predators or dispersers on red oak regeneration and expansion is suggested, as acorn caching by birds and rodents may actually enhance population recruitment, despite high mortality through acorn consumption.Key words: acorn burial, litter, microsite effects, recruitment, northern red oak, southern Quebec.

PROTOTIPE APLIKASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN TANAH BERBASIS MICRO CONTOLLER ATMEGA 328

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Rudi Budi Agung ◽  
Muhammad Nur ◽  
Didi Sukayadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Sensor Development ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Working Principle

The Indonesian country which is famous for its tropical climate has now experienced a shift in two seasons (dry season and rainy season). This has an impact on cropping and harvesting systems among farmers. In large scale this is very influential considering that farmers in Indonesia are stilldependent on rainfall which results in soil moisture. Some types of plants that are very dependent on soil moisture will greatly require rainfall or water for growth and development. Through this research, researchers tried to make a prototype application for watering plants using ATMEGA328 microcontroller based soil moisture sensor. Development of application systems using the prototype method as a simple method which is the first step and can be developed again for large scale. The working principle of this prototype is simply that when soil moisture reaches a certainthreshold (above 56%) then the system will work by activating the watering system, if it is below 56% the system does not work or in other words soil moisture is considered sufficient for certain plant needs.

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