The Size Distribution of Employment Centers in the U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Arribas-Bel ◽  
Arturo Ramos ◽  
Fernando Sanz Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Employment Centers ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals The Size Distribution of Employment Centers within the US Metropolitan Areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Arribas-Bel ◽  
Arturo Ramos ◽  
Fernando Sanz-Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The Us ◽  
Employment Centers

scholarly journals Suburban Employment Centers: Probing the Influence of Site Features on the Journey-to-Work

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cervero
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Employment Centers ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Levels Of Service ◽  
The U.S

This paper argues that the low-density, single-use character of most suburban workplaces in the U.S. has contributed to worsening traffic congestion by making most workers highly dependent on their own automobiles for accessing jobs. To test this proposition, land use and transportation data are examined for fifty of the largest suburban employment centers in the nation. Differences in the share of trips made by various modes, commuting speeds, and levels of service on major thoroughfares connecting suburban centers are compared among clusters of centers. The densities, sizes, and land use mixtures of suburban workplaces are generally found to be important determinants of worker travel behavior and local traffic conditions.

Civil Defense—the New Debate

Worldview ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Paul Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
The U.S

The trial balloons recently sent up about protecting our population in the event of nuclear war focus on the staged evacuation of cities— not, as in the early Sixties, on bomb shelters. The aim today is more on countering nuclear threats, less on protecting people or defending the nation. A capability to maneuver people (like troops) is needed to give the president an option to yielding to nuclear blackmail.This is what is called crisis management, and it has a “logic” of its own. For example, the U.S. would have to be able to move people out of cities, or protect them there, in vastly greater numbers than Russia needs to do simply to make things even. We have far more of our population in far more and far more populous metropolitan areas than has Russia. The president, if he is sensible, is more likely to yield to power-moves under cover of nuclear threats than is Russia. He must blink first. Under such conditions, who now has the more credible deterrent?

FDA Total Diet Study, July 1986-April 1991, Dietary Intakes of Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunderson Ellis L.
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration conducts the Total Diet Study to determine dietary intakes of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). This paper reports results for the sampling period July 1986 to April 1991. The study involves retail purchase of foods representative of the "total diet" of the U.S. population, preparation for "table-ready" consumption, and individual analyses of 234 items making up the diets of 8 population groups. The diets were based on 2 nationwide food consumption surveys. The data presented represent 21 food collections (also termed "market baskets") in regional metropolitan areas during the 5-year period. Dietary intakes of nearly 120 analytes are presented for 8 population groups, which range from infants to elderly adults. Intakes of selected population groups are compared with representative findings from earlier Total Diet Study sampling periods. As reported previously, average daily intakes are well below acceptable limits.

Pesticide Residues in Composited Milk Collected Through the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Network

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J Trotter ◽  
Richard Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Contract Laboratory ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a comprehensive monitoring program to determine the incidence and levels of organohalogen pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas. Residue findings for 806 composite milks collected through the Pasteurized Milk Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1990-1991 are reported. Milk was collected on a monthly basis from 63 stations selected by EPA for radionuclide monitoring. These stations provide an estimated 80% of the milk delivered to U.S. population centers. At each station, milk from selected sources had been composited to represent the milk routinely consumed in its metropolitan area. Portions of these composites were forwarded to an FDA contract laboratory for pesticide residue analysis. Pesticide residues were found in 398 (49.4%) of 806 test samples, on the basis of a 0.0005 ppm limit of detection for each residue on a whole-product basis. A total of 455 occurrences of pesticide residues were found; p,p’-DDE and dieldrin accounted for 384 (84.4%) of these occurrences. The highest level was 0.019 ppm p,p’- DDE.

Commuter Rail, Freight Railroads, and the Open Access Debate

2000 ◽  
Vol 1704 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Rail Freight ◽  
Commuter Rail ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
The U.S

The future of the U.S. commuter rail industry is inextricably linked to that of the freight railroads. Because of recent mergers and associated operating issues, some shipper interests are seeking fundamental change in the organization of freight railroading. Under proposals for open access, railroads judged to be abusing a monopolistic position or providing inadequate service would be required to accommodate competing operators. As in the telecommunications and natural gas industries, infrastructure and service provision would be disaggregated and rail freight shippers could choose among different railroads. Open access is expected to lead to greater volatility in freight scheduling, as bulk shippers change service providers to maximize their commercial advantage. With freight railroads already at capacity in several metropolitan areas, open access would probably exacerbate capacity problems. The possible effects on commuter operations in Washington, D.C., and Chicago are analyzed. If the United States moves toward some form of open access, commuter railroads must ensure that their operating rights are fully preserved, especially during rush hours.

scholarly journals Did Residential Racial Segregation in the U.S. Really Increase? An Analysis Accounting for Changes in Racial Diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Elbers
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
The U.S

A recent study by UC Berkeley's Othering & Belonging Institute (Menendian, Gailes, and Gambhir 2021) came to an astonishing conclusion: Of large metropolitan areas in the U.S., 81% have become more segregated over the period 1990-2019. This finding contradicts the recent sociological literature on changes in segregation in the U.S., which has generally found that racial residential segregation has slowly declined since the 1970s, especially between Blacks and Whites. The major question then is: What accounts for this difference? This paper answers this question in two parts. First, it shows that the preferred segregation measure of the Berkeley study, the “Divergence Index” (Roberto 2015), is identical to the Mutual Information Index M (Theil and Finizza 1971; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2009; Mora and Ruiz-Castillo 2011), a measure that is mechanically affected by changes in racial diversity. Given that the U.S. has become more diverse over the period 1990 to 2019, it is not surprising that this index shows increases in segregation. Second, by making use of a decomposition procedure developed in Elbers (2021), the paper shows that once the changes in segregation are decomposed into components that account for the changing racial diversity of the U.S., the findings are in line with the sociological literature. Residential racial segregation as a whole has declined modestly in most metropolitan areas of the U.S., although segregation has increased slightly when focusing on Asian Americans and Hispanics.

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