Managing Research and Development Across Government Departments: The "Virtual Agency" Concept in the United States

This study reviews the literature and the practice of accounting for research and development (R&D) costs from the first reference in 1917 to the current treatment. The conceptual treatment of R&D is compared to current financial accounting rules and explanation of the evolution of the current rules is presented. The economic and social consequences of the current rules which require R&D costs to be expressed are examined. The paper explores possible alternative treatment of R&D costs. As a contrast to U.S. practice, the accounting treatment of R&D costs in other countries is discussed. Given the findings of this paper, a strong case can be made for changing the way that R&D costs are accounted for in the United States.

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Pharmaceutical Innovation in the United States: Factors Affecting Future Performance

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462300004402 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 167-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael R. Pollard

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Research And Development ◽

Cost Containment ◽

The United States ◽

Private Companies ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Past ◽

Future Performance ◽

Regulatory Strategy

AbstractFueled by high returns on its investments, the pharmaceutical industry in the United States has flourished for the past 50 years. The regulatory strategy of demanding stringent testing then allowing market-based pricing has allowed private companies to fund ambitious research and development activities with the assurance that these investments will be recovered. However, aggressive managed-care cost-containment strategies threaten the companies' ability to recoup research and development expenses and may affect their willingness to invest in future innovative research.

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Abstracts of papers presented at an international workshop on management of soilborne pathogens sponsored by the United States-Israel binational agricultural research and development fund (bard)

Phytoparasitica ◽

10.1007/bf02981439 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 241-267

Author(s):

R. J. Cook ◽

J. Katan ◽

I. Chet ◽

J. Katan ◽

R. Rodriguez-Kabana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Research And Development ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

International Workshop ◽

The United States ◽

Soilborne Pathogens ◽

Development Fund ◽

Agricultural Research And Development

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Forest products research and development organizations in a worldwide setting: A review of structure, governance, and measures of performance of organizations outside the United States

10.2737/fpl-gtr-172 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul V. Ellefson ◽

Michael A. Kilgore ◽

Kenneth E. Skog ◽

Christopher D. Risbrudt

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Research And Development ◽

Forest Products ◽

The United States ◽

Development Organizations ◽

Measures Of Performance

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Investing for Growth and Security

Fiscal Therapy ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190645410.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 193-206

Author(s):

William G. Gale

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Research And Development ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Federal Government ◽

The United States ◽

Federal Spending ◽

President Obama ◽

Transit Systems ◽

Historical Levels

Besides its investment in people, the federal government makes critical investments in infrastructure and research and development. Because federal spending in these areas has fallen significantly in recent years and interest rates are low relative to historical levels, this chapter proposes sizable increases for both categories. The increases in infrastructure spending will provide the resources needed to restore and update aging roads, bridges, and public transit systems, while the increases in research and development will help the United States to explore cutting-edge technologies. Policymakers should also fund the military’s long-term plans through 2032, as outlined by President Obama, and let spending grow modestly afterward. That would allow for a continuing presence overseas. If a new war broke out, policymakers presumably would provide the additional temporary funds to ensure that America achieved its mission and emerged victorious.

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