The Ambiguous Competitive Effects of Passive Partial Forward Integration

AbstractOn the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the 2010 U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines, this article provides an overview of the state of economic analysis of unilateral effects in mergers with differentiated products. Drawing on our experience with merger enforcement in Europe, we discuss both static and dynamic competition, with a special emphasis on the calibration of competitive effects. We also discuss the role of market shares and structural presumptions in differentiated product markets.

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Recent Studies on Common Ownership, Firm Behavior, and Market Outcomes

The Antitrust Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0003603x20985804 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 12-38

Author(s):

Martin C. Schmalz

Keyword(s):

Firm Behavior ◽

Fast Rate ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Reduced Form ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Competitive Effects ◽

The Past ◽

Common Ownership ◽

Meaningful Research

The literature on competitive effects of common ownership has grown at a fast rate in the past two years. Anticompetitive effects have been confirmed with alternative reduced-form and structural estimation methods, in different industries, geographies, and jurisdictions. Multiple independent studies have disproven early critiques of the literature. Other papers document the heterogeneity of common ownership effects on competition across markets and industries. Important advances were made on the study of the economic mechanisms and governance channels that implement anti-competitive incentives. New theory refines the interpretation of existing empirical work. Access to high-quality ownership and product-market data remains a bottleneck for meaningful research in the area.

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The effects of forward rotation of posture on computer-simulated 4-km track cycling: Implications of Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1177/1754337115619306 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 231 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oliver Caddy ◽

William Fitton ◽

Digby Symons ◽

Anthony Purnell ◽

Dan Gordon

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Frontal Surface ◽

Integration Model ◽

Power Profile ◽

Fixed Power ◽

Legal Position ◽

The Mean ◽

Forward Integration ◽

Track Cycling

The aim of this research was to indicate improvements in 4-km cycling performance that may be gained as a function of reduced frontal surface area ( A) when Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013 is contravened. In 10 male cyclists age 26 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, height 180 ± 5 cm and body mass 71 ± 6 kg, entire cycling posture was rotated forward from where the nose of the saddle was 6 cm rearward of the bottom bracket spindle (P6) to 4, 2 and 0 cm (P4, P2 and P0); contravening Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013. Using computerised planimetry, A was estimated and a forward integration model was compiled to simulate 4-km track cycling end time ( T4km) when a fixed power profile was applied. At P2, there was a significant but non-meaningful reduction compared to P6 ( p < 0.05, d < 0.02). There were small but significant reductions in A and T4km between P6 and P0; −0.007 ± 0.004 m2 and −1.40 ± 0.73 s, respectively ( p < 0.001, d = −0.259). There were no significant differences between P4 and P6 for A and T4km. These results suggest that at the most forward position (P0), a small but significant increase in 4-km performance can be expected compared to the legal position (P6). Moreover, the mean difference in T4km between P6 and P0 is greater than the winning margin at the Union Cycliste Internationale 4-km pursuit world championships four times in the previous 10 years.

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Scale-dependent merging of baroclinic vortices

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s0022112094000595 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 264 ◽

pp. 81-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J. Verron ◽

S. Valcke

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulations ◽

Critical Point ◽

Lower Layer ◽

Interaction Mechanism ◽

Competitive Effects ◽

Different Types ◽

Shape Effects ◽

Baroclinic Vortices ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stratified Model

The influence of stratification on the merging of like-sign vortices of equal intensity and shape is investigated by numerical simulations in a quasi-geostrophic, two-layer stratified model. Two different types of vortices are considered: vortices defined as circular patches of uniform potential vorticity in the upper layer but no PV anomaly in the lower layer (referred to as PVI vortices), and vortices defined as circular patches of uniform relative vorticity in the upper layer but no motion in the lower layer (referred to as RVI vortices). In particular, it is found that, in the RVI case, the merging behaviour depends strongly on the magnitude of the stratification (i.e. the ratio of internal Rossby radius and vortex radius). The critical point here appears to be whether or not the initial eddies have a deep flow signature in terms of PV.The specific phenomenon of scale-dependent merging observed is interpreted in terms of the competitive effects of hetonic interaction and vortex shape. In the case of weaker stratification, the baroclinic structure of the eddies can be seen as dominated by a mechanism of hetonic interaction in which bottom flow appears to counteract the tendency of surface eddies to merge. In the case of larger stratification, the eddy interaction mechanism is shown to be barotropically dominated, although interface deformation still determines the actual eddy vorticity profile during the initialization stage. Repulsion (hetonic) effect therefore oppose attraction (barotropic shape) effects in a competitive process dependent on the relationship between the original eddy lengthscale and the first internal Rossby radius.A concluding discussion considers the implications of such analysis for real situations, in the ocean or in the laboratory.

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