Diagnosis of enlarged thyroid - an analysis of 250 cases

Thyroid enlargement is a common problem faced both by clinicians and histopathologists. In an effort to determine the incidence of its various causes in our population, 250 cases were analyzed. There was a marked female preponderance (M:F ratio 1:3.8). Multinodular goiter was the commonest final diagnosis whereas 4 cases showed malignant thyroid neoplasms. Microscopic examination remained the golden path to the final diagnosis. The results as well as the relative efficacy of the various diagnostic modalities are discussed.

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Analysis of Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms with a Striking Rise of Papillary Microcarcinoma in an Endemic Goiter Region

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery ◽

10.1007/s12070-017-1156-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (S1) ◽

pp. 121-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alka Mary Mathai ◽

K. Preetha ◽

S. Valsala Devi ◽

Sam Vicliph ◽

Raja Pradeep ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endemic Goiter ◽

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Papillary Microcarcinoma ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

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Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Cell-cycle Regulatory Genes in Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

World Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1007/s00268-005-0308-2 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 767-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Electron Kebebew ◽

Miao Peng ◽

Emily Reiff ◽

Quan-Yang Duh ◽

Orlo H. Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Regulatory Genes ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Diagnostic And Prognostic Value ◽

Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes

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Galectin-3 does not reliably distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms

Histopathology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02214.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 212-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A Bartolazzi ◽

G Bussolati

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Galectin 3 ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

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The surgical management of benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms in marshall islanders exposed to hydrogen bomb fallout

World Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1007/bf02067128 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 126-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Brown M. Dobyns ◽

Barbara A. Hyrmer

Keyword(s):

Surgical Management ◽

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Hydrogen Bomb ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

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Does Galectin3 Immunohistochemical Marker Help in Diagnosing the Nature of Benign or Malignant Thyroid Tumor?

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i1931085 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111-119

Author(s):

Umm-e -Farwa ◽

Rehana Ramzan ◽

Mahwish Niaz ◽

Hassan Salim ◽

Rabiya Fawad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Follicular Adenoma ◽

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Immunohistochemical Expression ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Galectin 3 ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

Introduction: Galectin-3 has been reported quite accurate to detect or exclude malignancy in nodules with prior indeterminate Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and per operative findings. Keeping this fact in mind, Galectin-3 can have a pivotal role in separating benign from the malignant thyroid neoplasms. We aim to determine the frequency and intensity of Galectin-3 immunohistochemical expression among benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms confirmed on histopathology. Materials and Methods: We studied 78 thyroid specimens diagnosed with thyroid neoplasms on histopathology. Out of these 39 were benign cases (follicular adenoma and hurthle cell adenoma) and 39 were malignant cases (papillary thyroid carcinomas, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma). Each specimen was examined grossly and microscopically and checked for immunohistochemical staining pattern of Galectin-3 under the microscope. Results: Age range in this study was from 15 to 65 years with mean age of 44.97 ± 10.78 years. Out of these 78 patients, 17 (21.79%) were male and 61 (78.21%) were female with male to female ratio of 1:3.6. Frequency of positive Galectin-3 immuno histochemical expression among thyroid neoplasms was found in 32 (41.03%) cases with Galectin-3 showing positive staining in 21 (53.85%) of all malignant and 11 (28.21%) of all benign cases .Among the malignant neoplasms, positivity was seen most frequently in papillary thyroid carcinomas as compared to the other malignancies. Conclusion: This study concluded that positive Galectin-3 immunohistochemical expression is more in malignant thyroid neoplasms (53.85%) as compare to the benign lesions (28.21%). Therefore, we recommend that this marker cannot be used alone for the routine diagnosis of malignant lesions as it has shown less sensitivity and specificity. Moreover it also has shown no significant role in differentiating between the benign and the malignant thyroid neoplasms.

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LMD-04. FLAIR hyperintensity along the brainstem surface in leptomeningeal metastases: a case series and literature review

Neuro-Oncology Advances ◽

10.1093/noajnl/vdab071.029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. iii8-iii8

Author(s):

Koichi Mitsuya ◽

Yoko Nakasu ◽

Shoichi Deguchi ◽

Kensei Shirata ◽

Koiku Asakura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Series ◽

Leptomeningeal Metastasis ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Mr Images ◽

Alk Rearrangement ◽

Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽

Diagnostic Modalities ◽

Low Sensitivity ◽

Lung Adenocarcinomas

Abstract Background The incidence of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is underestimated because of its non-specific signs and the low sensitivity of clinical diagnostic modalities. Cerebrospinal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with and without contrast enhancement (CE) is a gold standard for the neuroradiological assessment of patients with suspected LM. Previous studies suggested that some LM cases show changes of the brainstem surface on non-contrast MR images without or before the appearance of abnormalities on CE images. We assessed the features of this non-contrast MR finding in a cohort of LM patients in this retrospective single-institution study. Methods We reviewed head MR images and clinical data of 142 consecutive patients in whom the final diagnosis was LM. Results We found that 11 of these 142 patients (7.7%) with LM had band-like hyperintensity on the brainstem surface on non-enhanced FLAIR images, which looked like bloomy rind on cheese. Three of seven patients who were examined using diffusion-weighted imaging showed restricted diffusion in the corresponding lesion site. The above-mentioned 11 patients included 10 women and 1 man, with a median age of 61 years. All 11 patients had primary lung adenocarcinoma. Seven patients had symptomatic hydrocephalus. Ten patients had EGFR-mutated and one had ALK-rearrangement adenocarcinomas. Before the diagnosis of LM, 10 patients had undergone systemic therapy with EGFR-TKI or pemetrexed, and 1 patient with ALK inhibitor and bevacizumab. Conclusions We present a series of patients with bloomy rind sign that is non-enhancing LM reliably detected by FLAIR hyperintensity on the brainstem surface. This finding is rare, but may reflect the spread of cancer cells in both the leptomeningeal membrane and the surface of the brain parenchyma specifically in patients with lung adenocarcinomas. Further study is needed to determine the clinical significance of this sign.

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Differential expression of Galectin-3 in papillary projections of malignant and non-malignant hyperplastic thyroid lesions

Acta chirurgica iugoslavica ◽

10.2298/aci0303067c ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 67-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Dubravka Cvejic ◽

Svetlana Savin-Zegarac ◽

Ivana Petrovic ◽

Ivan Paunovic ◽

Svetislav Tatic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Immunohistochemical Technique ◽

Galectin 3 ◽

Papillary Hyperplasia ◽

Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms ◽

Benign Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Lesions

Galectin-3 is a a beta-galactoside binding protein recently proposed to be a promising presurgical molecular marker for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. We analyzed galectin-3 expression immunohistochemically in papillary areas of hyperplastic lesions of benign thyroid tissue in comparison with malignant papillary projections of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A monoclonal antibody to galectin-3 and ABC immunohistochemical technique were used to evaluate galectin-3 expression in 26 cases of benign papillary hyperplasia (8 cases of hyperplastic adenoma, 8 cases of hyperplastic colloid goiter, 10 cases of Graves disease) in comparison with 25 cases of PTC. Immunohistochemical results showed no reactivity for galectin-3 in papillary areas of benign hyperplastic lesions. Strong cytoplasmic galectin-3 immunoreactivity was found in all 25 cases of PTC. These results show that galectin-3 expression is a feature of malignant papillary projections but not of benign papillary hyperplasia. Thus, the immunohistochemical evaluation of galectin-3 might contribute to differential diagnosis between malignant and benign thyroid lesions with papillary projections.

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The “Epulis” Dilemma. Considerations from Provisional to Final Diagnosis. A Systematic Review

Oral ◽

10.3390/oral1030022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 224-235

Author(s):

Paola Costa ◽

Matteo Peditto ◽

Antonia Marcianò ◽

Antonio Barresi ◽

Giacomo Oteri

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Microscopic Examination ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Electronic Search ◽

Wide Range ◽

Gingival Enlargement ◽

Neoplastic Lesions ◽

Slow Growing

“Epulis” is a widely used term to describe a localized gingival enlargement. However, a wide range of neoformations might present as localized, slow-growing, asymptomatic gingival masses. A systematic review was conducted to outline the pathological entities that were provisionally dignosed as “epulis” and whose final diagnosis was made after microscopic examination. An electronic search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases from January 2000 to February 2021 was performed. An initial search of the databases identified a total of 864 documents, and after a careful process of screening and selection, 14 studies were included in this systematic review and processed for data extraction. The results show that histological examination, sometimes combined with immunohistochemistry, might reveal a wide spectrum of lesions, including hamartomatous lesions, non-neoplastic lesions, benign and malign neoplasms and metastases from distant cancers.

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