thyroid tissue
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Author(s):  
Vladimir Zaichick

Background: Thyroid benign nodules (TBNs) are the most common diseases of this endocrine gland and are common worldwide. Among TBNs the colloid goiter (CG) and thyroid adenoma (TA) are very frequentdiseases. Evaluation of variant of TBNs is clinically important for subsequent therapeutic interventions, as well as for a clearer understanding the etiology of these disorders. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine differences in the content offifty trace elements (TE) in CG and TA tissues. Methods: Thyroid tissue levels of TE have prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with CG and 19 patients with TA. Measurements have performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of long-lived radionuclides (INAA-LLR) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), respectively. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for TE analysis. Results: It was observed that in both CG and TA tissues the contents of Ag, Al, Cr, Hg, Mn, Th, and Zn increased, whereas the levels of Au, Be, Cs, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Th, Yb, and Zr were unchanged in comparison with normal thyroid tissue. No differences were found between the TE contents of CG and TA. Conclusions: From results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the common characteristics of CG and TA tissue samples were of a high level of Ag, Al, Cr, Hg, Mn, Th, and Zn in comparison with normal thyroid and, therefore, these TE could be involved in etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid disorders such as CG and TA.                    Peer Review History: Received: 12 November 2021; Revised: 15 December; Accepted: 31 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia,  Indonesia, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected] Similar Articles: COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF TWENTY CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN NORMAL THYROID TISSUE AND HYPERTROPHIC THYROID TISSUE


2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Calandri ◽  
Maria Teresa Giraudo ◽  
Roberta Sirovich ◽  
Antonella Ostan ◽  
Mirco Pultrone ◽  
...  

Background: An accurate measurement of the target volume is of primary importance in theragnostics of hyperthyroidism Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the accuracy of a threshold–based isocontour extraction procedure for thyroid tissue volumetry from SPECT-CT. Methods: Cylindrical vials with a fixed volume of 99mTcO4 at different activities were inserted into a neck phantom in two different thickness settings. Images were acquired by orienting the phantom in different positions, i.e., 40 planar images and 40 SPECT-CT. The fixed values of the iso-contouring threshold for SPECT and SPECT-CT were calculated by means of linear and spline regression models. Mean, Median, Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Root Mean-Square Error were computed. Any difference between the planar method, SPECT and SPECT-CT and the effective volume was evaluated by means of ANOVA and post-hoc tests. Moreover, planar and SPECT-CT acquisitions were performed in 8 patients with hyperthyroidism, considering relevant percentage differences greater than > 20 % from CT gold standard. Results: Concerning phantom studies, the planar method shows higher values of each parameter than the other two methods. SPECT-CT shows lower variability. However, no significant differences were observed between SPECT and SPECT-CT measurements. In patients, relevant differences were found in 7 out of 9 lesions with the planar method, in 6 lesions with SPECT, but in only one with SPECT-CT. Conclution: Our study confirms the superiority of SPECT in volume measurement if compared with the planar method. A more accurate measurement can be obtained from SPECT-CT.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Hyeok Jun Yun ◽  
Minki Kim ◽  
Sang Yong Kim ◽  
Sungsoon Fang ◽  
Yonjung Kim ◽  
...  

Thyroid cancer (TC) includes tumors of follicular cells; it ranges from well differentiated TC (WDTC) with generally favorable prognosis to clinically aggressive poorly differentiated TC (PDTC) and undifferentiated TC (UTC). Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a WDTC and the most common type of thyroid cancer that comprises almost 70–80% of all TC. PTC can present as a solid, cystic, or uneven mass that originates from normal thyroid tissue. Prognosis of PTC is excellent, with an overall 10-year survival rate >90%. However, more than 30% of patients with PTC advance to recurrence or metastasis despite anti-cancer therapy; consequently, systemic therapy is limited, which necessitates expansion of improved clinical approaches. We strived to elucidate genetic distinctions due to patient-derived anti-cancer drug-sensitive or -resistant PTC, which can support in progress novel therapies. Patients with histologically proven PTC were evaluated. PTC cells were gained from drug-sensitive and -resistant patients and were compared using mRNA-Seq. We aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo synergistic anti-cancer effects of a novel combination therapy in patient-derived refractory PTC. This combination therapy acts synergistically to promote tumor suppression compared with either agent alone. Therefore, genetically altered combination therapy might be a novel therapeutic approach for refractory PTC.


Metabolites ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Vanessa Neto ◽  
Sara Esteves-Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Inácio ◽  
Márcia Alves ◽  
Rosa Dantas ◽  
...  

Thyroid cancer’s incidence has increased in the last decades, and its diagnosis can be a challenge. Further and complementary testing based in biochemical alterations may be important to correctly identify thyroid cancer and prevent unnecessary surgery. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a metabolomic technique that has already shown promising results in cancer metabolome analysis of neoplastic thyroid tissue, in the identification and classification of prostate tumor tissues and of breast carcinoma, among others. This work aims to gather and discuss published information on the ability of FTIR spectroscopy to be used in metabolomic studies of the thyroid, including discriminating between benign and malignant thyroid samples and grading and classifying different types of thyroid tumors.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zaichick ◽  

Thyroid adenomas (TA) are benign tumors, but there is a 20% possibility of malignant transformation. The distinguishing between the TA and thyroid cancer (TC) is tricky, therefore new TA biomarkers are needed. Furthermore, the role of trace elements (TE) in etiology and pathogenesis of TA is unclear. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the content of bromine (Br), cooper (Cu), iron (Fe), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) in the normal and in adenomatous thyroid. Thyroid tissue levels of six TE were prospectively evaluated in 19 patients with TA and 105 healthy inhabitants. Measurements were performed using 109Cd radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for TE analysis. It was found that contents of Br and Cu were significantly higher (25.8 and 4.16 times, respectively) and content of Sr were significantly lower (39%) in adenomatous thyroid in comparison with normal level. There are considerable changes in TE contents in the adenomatous thyroid.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zaichick ◽  

Role of chemical elements (ChE) in etiology and pathogenesis of Riedel’s disease (RD) is unclear. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess whether there were significant changes in thyroid tissue levels of eight ChE (Br, Ca Cl, I, K, Mg, Mn, and Na) are present in the fibrotic transformed thyroid. Eight ChE of thyroid tissue were determined in 6 patients with RD. The control group included thyroid tissue samples from 105 healthy individuals. Measurements were conducted using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis with high-resolution spectrometry of short-lived radionuclides. Reduced mean values of Ca and I content in 6.3 and 6.7 times, respectively, while elevated level of Br in 5.1 times were found in thyroid with RD in comparison with normal level. Because considerable changes in some ChE contents in tissue of thyroid with RD were found, it is reasonable to assume that the levels of these ChE in affected thyroid tissue can be used as RD markers. However, this topic needs additional studies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 098-107
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zaichick

Thyroid benign nodules (TBNs) are the most common lesions of this endocrine gland. Among TBNs the colloid goiter (CG), thyroiditis (T), and thyroid adenoma (TA) are the most frequent diseases. An evaluation of the variant of TBNs is clinically important for subsequent therapeutic interventions, as well as for more clear understanding the etiology of these disorders. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine differences in the content of bromine (Br), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) in tissues of CG, TA, and T. Thyroid tissue levels of eight chemical elements (ChE) were prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with CG, 19 patients with TA, and 12 patients with T. Measurements were performed using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of short-lived radionuclides. Tissue samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for ChE analysis. It was observed that in CG, TA and T tissues content of Br was significantly higher, while level of I was lower than in normal thyroid tissue. I accumulation in T tissue was lower than in normal thyroid and CG. Abnormal increase in Br level and decrease in I level in all TBNs might demonstrate an involvement of these ChE in etiology and pathogenesis of TBNs. It was suosed that great losses of I in thyroid with T, in contract to little reduced levels of I content in thyroid with CG and TA, could possibly be explored for differencial diagnosis of T.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2(49)) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
R. V. Yanko

Introduction: Despite the well-studied effect of alimentary deprivation on the body, the literature data on its effect on functional activity and, in particular, on morphological changes in the thyroid gland are single and often contradictory, which does not allow unambiguous conclusions. All this requires a more detailed study of the role and mechanisms of the impact of restricted nutrition on the thyroid gland. Aim: To investigate the effect of alimentary deprivation on morphological changes in the thyroid gland of young rats. Methods: The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats aged 3 months. Rats of all groups were in uniform conditions, on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental group, for 28 days, received a diet reduced by 30 %. Work with rats was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Histological preparations were made from the central areas of the thyroid tissue according to the standard method. Using a digital camera, the micropreparations were photographed under a Nikon Eclipse E 100 microscope (Japan). Morphometry was performed using a computer program "Image J". Results: Histological analysis of the rat's thyroid gland affected by alimentary deprivation revealed that it had an unchanged physiological structure. The follicles were mostly of oval shape and of various sizes. Colloid in the follicles of experimental animals is of moderate density and contains numerous resorption vacuoles. Thyroid cells are of prismatic and cubic shape. It was found that in the thyroid gland of experimental rats the area of ​​follicles, colloid, their inner diameter decreases, the height of thyrocytes increases, the stereological resorption index increases and the colloid accumulation index decreases, the number of interfollicular islands increases. Also in experimental animals there was a decrease in the width of the interlobar and interfollicular connective tissue. Conclusion: In rats fed on a reduced diet, morphological signs of increased functional activity of the thyroid gland were found.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Johansson ◽  
Shawn Liang ◽  
Carmen Moccia ◽  
Therese Carlsson ◽  
Daniel Andersson ◽  
...  

Follicular thyroid tissue originates from progenitors derived from a midline endodermal primordium. Current understanding infers that folliculogenesis in the embryonic thyroid designates the latest morphogenetic event taking place after the final anatomical shape and position of the gland is established. However, this concept does not consider the fact that the thyroid isthmus develops chronologically before the lobes and also contains all progenitors required for lobulation. To elucidate whether cells committed to a thyroid fate might be triggered to differentiate asynchronously related to maturation and developmental stage, mouse embryonic thyroid tissues from E12.5-17.5 were subjected to immunofluorescent labeling of biomarkers (progenitors: NKX2-1; differentiation: thyroglobulin/TG); folliculogenesis: E-cadherin/CDH1; luminogenesis: mucin 1/MUC1; apical polarity: pericentrin/PCNT; basement membrane: laminin; growth: Ki67), quantitative RT-PCR analysis (Nkx2.1, Tg, Muc1) and transmission electron microscopy. Tg expression was detectable as early as E12.5 and gradually increased >1000-fold until E17.5. Muc1 and Nkx2.1 transcript levels increased in the same time interval. Prior to lobulation (E12.5-13.5), MUC1 and TG distinguished pre-follicular from progenitor cells in the developing isthmus characterized by intense cell proliferation. Luminogenesis comprised redistribution of MUC1+ vesicles or vacuoles, transiently associated with PCNT, to the apical cytoplasm and the subsequent formation of MUC1+ nascent lumens. Apical polarization of pre-follicular cells and lumen initiation involved submembraneous vesicular traffic, reorganization of adherens junctions and ciliogenesis. MUC1 did not co-localize with TG until a lumen with a MUC1+ apical membrane was established. MUC1 delineated the lumen of all newly formed follicles encountered in the developing lobes at E15.5-17.5. Folliculogenesis started before establishment of a complete follicular basal lamina. These observations indicate that embryonic thyroid differentiation is an asynchronous process consistent with the idea that progenitors attaining a stationary position in the connecting isthmus portion undergo apical polarization and generate follicles already at a primordial stage of thyroid development, i.e. foregoing growth of the lobes. Although the thyroid isthmus eventually comprises minute amounts of the total thyroid volume and contributes little to the overall hormone production, it is of principal interest that local cues related to the residence status of cells – independently of a prevailing high multiplication rate – govern the thyroid differentiation program.


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