Experimental study of the effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron injected on the permeability of saturated porous media

In comparison of modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI), bare NZVI used to remediate deep contaminated groundwater source areas has more advantages. However, the influences of injected bare NZVI deposition on the permeability of aquifer remain unclear, which are still the key factors of engineering cost and contamination removal. Hence, this study sought to assess method of measuring hydraulic conductivity with constant head device and examine the permeability loss mechanism of NZVI injected into different saturated porous media, using column tests. The results showed that it was feasible to determine hydraulic conductivity by the constant head device. The permeability loss caused by NZVI injection increased with a decrease in grain size of porous media, and was determined by the amount and distribution of NZVI deposition. NZVI distribution area had a good linear correlation with dispersivity of the porous media. Additionally, although surface clogging occurred in all porous media, the amount of NZVI deposition at the injection point in fine sand was largest, so that its permeability loss was the most, which was more likely to cause hydraulic fracturing and then expand the area of contaminant source zone. These results have implications for NZVI field injection to successful groundwater remediation.