Examination of the Penetration of Enteric Viruses in Soils under Simulated Conditions in the Laboratory

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Coxsackievirus B3 ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Loam Soil

In two different unsaturated soil columns percolated with artificial rainwater under simulated aerated conditions, transport of coxsackievirus B3 and adenovirus 1 below 3.5 cm under the soil surface could not be demonstrated. The viruses were applied to the columns as seeded sewage sludge. Under saturated conditions transport of water-suspended coxsackievirus B3 was faster in a soil column with sandy loam soil than in a diluvial sand column.

LEACHING OF FOUR ORCHARD HERBICIDES IN SOIL COLUMNS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. HOGUE ◽  
A. GAUNCE ◽  
S. U. KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Okanagan Valley

The mobility of four residual orchard herbicides, diuron, dichlobenil, simazine and terbacil was compared in soil columns using a sandy loam and loam soil common to the Okanagan Valley. Mobility for all herbicides was greater in the sandy loam than loam soil. Dichlobenil was least mobile in the soil columns followed by diuron, simazine then terbacil. No dichlobenil was leached through the 30-cm sandy loam soil column with 120 cm of water but 40 cm of water leached more than half of the terbacil. More dichlobenil was converted to the water-soluble 2,6-dichlorobenzamide in the loam soil than in the sandy soil. This metabolite is water-soluble and was partially leached through the loam soil column with the highest level of irrigation.

INFLUENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FERTILIZERS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODDY-PODZOLY SANDY SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Leonova ◽  
◽  
T.A. Spasskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Loam Soil

The change in the microbiological activity of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil when using coffee waste and sewage sludge as a fertilizer for oats in comparison with traditional fertilizers is considered. During the study, it was determined that the predominant groups were bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacilli and fungi are few in number. The introduction of sewage sludge and coffee waste into the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil at a dose of 10 t / ha increases the activity of the microflora of the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which increases the effective and potential fertility.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

Leaching and mobility of carbofuran from granular and alginate controlled release formulations

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. MAREI ◽  
H. R. SOLTAN ◽  
A. MOUSA ◽  
A. KHAMIS
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Flooded Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Controlled Release Formulations ◽  
Loam Soil

Controlled release (CR) formulations can significantly influence the fate of carbofuran in the environment. The influence of three alginate-encapsulated CR formulations compared with the granular formulation (G10%) on the mobility of carbofuran in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil was investigated. In flooded soil the leaching potential of the three alginate controlled release formulations tested was decreased more than nine times (not more than 3%) compared with the G10% (28%). Most of the released carbofuran was confined to the top 0–5 cm of the soil column followed by the second 5–10 cm layer and the least was found in the fourth section (15–20 cm). The data obtained for a sandy loam soil irrigated by drip irrigation showed that the greatest proportion of carbofuran leached through the columns was from the G10% (52%) compared with 3–4% from CR formulations over a 30-day period. The carbofuran concentrations found in different soil depths showed similar trends to those for the flooded soil. Based on the residue levels recorded within the 20 cm depth, the relative retention ratio of carbofuran in sandy clay loam versus sandy loam soil was 1·2[ratio ]1 for the controlled release formulations and 1·9[ratio ]1 for the G10%.

Subsurface Application and Shallow Incorporation of Herbicides on Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wiese ◽  
E. B. Hudspeth
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Loam Soil

In a 3-year study on four soil types, subsurface application just ahead of a planter with a device that removed the top from the bed, applied a band of spray, and covered the band with soil reduced weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) obtained with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), 3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (norea), dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 1,1-dimethyl-3(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) compared to applications on the soil surface. This machine improved weed control with α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Shallow incorporation, with two helical blades, after planting increased weed control with trifluralin, diuron, and DCPA by 10% or more over the surface applications. This incorporator increased weed control obtained with prometryne and norea 5%. Very shallow incorporation, with metal tines, after planting improved weed control obtained with trifluralin and DCPA 18 and 11%, respectively. Weed control with norea was increased 7%, but metal tines did not appreciably affect weed control obtained with prometryne, diuron, or fluometuron. Compared to surface applications, incorporation increased cotton injury with diuron, norea, prometryne, and fluometuron on sandy loam soil.

Degradation and Leaching of Methazole in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. Brockman ◽  
W.B. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Original Amount ◽  
Over Time

The degradation and leaching of methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] and metabolites in Elmwood sandy loam soil over time in response to average spring environmental conditions was studied by using soil columns placed on a rainfall simulator in an environmental growth chamber. Methazole was degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) over a 6-week period following methazole application, during which the soil columns received simulated rainfall of 1.27 cm every fourth day. Methazole level decreased to 27% of the original amount while DCPMU and DCPU levels increased to 53% and 1%, respectively. Of the total radioactivity remaining in the soil columns after 44 days and after 14 cm rainfall, approximately 80% remained above a depth of 6.35 mm.

An experimental study of vertical infiltration into a structurally unstable swelling soil, with particular reference to the infiltration throttle

Soil Research ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Bridge ◽  
N Collis-George
Keyword(s):  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Swelling Soil ◽  
Potential Gradients ◽  
Moisture Potential

The infiltration phenomena associated with a structurally unstable swelling soil are compared with those of a two-layer stable system of a fine sand layer over coarse sand, the fine sand simulating a slaked layer at the soil surface. Water content and bulk density are measured using dual source gamma ray attenuation, pore water pressures by means of individual tensiometer-transducer systems, and soil temperatures by means of individual thermistor-bridge systems. Analysis of the sand column using well-established principles shows that after the wetting front has passed the texture boundary, infiltration is controlled by Kmax of the fine sand layer and the negative moisture potential in the coarse sand at the texture boundary. After the wetting front penetrates the column, the moisture potential at the texture boundary becomes steady and is unaffected by the development of a capillary fringe and outflow at the base of the column. The negative moisture potentials at the texture boundary give rise to potential gradients up to 6.0 in the simulated slaked layer, and an infiltration rate several times that of Kmax. The low flow rates caused by the fine sand layer give rise to an unstable wetting front in the coarse sand and severe 'fingering' occurs. In the swelling soil column, with aggregates of the same size as the coarse sand, the infiltration throttle occurs immediately below the visibly slaked layer and not at the ground surface. Potential gradients through the throttle reach a maximum of 5.9 similar to that in the layered sand column, but the infiltration behaviour of swelling soil differs from the latter in other respects. Infiltration into the former does not occur under isothermal conditions, a 'hot front' 3�C above ambient occurring 2-3 mm ahead of the wetting front, and infiltration does not reach a constant rate because of changes in the hydraulic properties of the throttle with time. Moisture profiles in the swelling soil column during infiltration show the various zones described by Bodman and Colman (1944) for non-swelling soils. An enlarged apparent transition zone extend to 12 cm below the soil surface. Other properties such as density, moisture content, and total potential suggest that much of this apparent transition zone is really part of a transmission zone made up of layers of soil which have different properties because of swelling.

Predicting sodification of calcium-saturated soil columns on leaching with sodic waters

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Siyag ◽  
M. S. Lamba ◽  
Raj Pal ◽  
S. R. Poonia
Keyword(s):  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDepth accumulation of exchangeable Na+ was measured in Ca-saturated sandy loam soil columns (length 50 cm; diameter 5 cm) after percolating 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ml of 013 M Na+, as NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 solutions. The values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increased gradually with the increase in the volumes of the solution percolated. Two conceptual layer models, based on whether solutions were added to the topmost soil layer in one lot (M-I) or in splits equal to the saturation deficit (M-II), were used to predict the depth distribution of ESP of soil. The chemical processes considered in the models were the formation of ion pairs and the exchange equilibria of Na+ and Ca2+. The predicted values of ESP were considerably higher for model M-II than model M-I. The consideration of ion-pair formation and the accompanying anion had only negligible effect on the predicted ESP. The model M-II over-predicted the experimental ESP throughout the soil columns, whereas the model M-I under-predicted it for the upper layer(s) and over-predicted for the lower layers. On the basis of average ESP of the whole columns, the less realistic model M-I predicted experimental results better than model M-II. This was attributed to the presence of mobile and immobile zones for the flowing solutions.

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