Degradation and Leaching of Methazole in Soil

The degradation and leaching of methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] and metabolites in Elmwood sandy loam soil over time in response to average spring environmental conditions was studied by using soil columns placed on a rainfall simulator in an environmental growth chamber. Methazole was degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) over a 6-week period following methazole application, during which the soil columns received simulated rainfall of 1.27 cm every fourth day. Methazole level decreased to 27% of the original amount while DCPMU and DCPU levels increased to 53% and 1%, respectively. Of the total radioactivity remaining in the soil columns after 44 days and after 14 cm rainfall, approximately 80% remained above a depth of 6.35 mm.

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Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

Vadose Zone Journal ◽

10.2136/vzj2004.0316 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 316

Author(s):

M. Saleem Akhtar ◽

Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽

Brian K. Richards ◽

Murray B. McBride

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Lithium Transport ◽

Loam Soil

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Examination of the Penetration of Enteric Viruses in Soils under Simulated Conditions in the Laboratory

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1985.0110 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 197-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. H. Jørgensen

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Unsaturated Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Column ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Coxsackievirus B3 ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Sand Column ◽

Loam Soil

In two different unsaturated soil columns percolated with artificial rainwater under simulated aerated conditions, transport of coxsackievirus B3 and adenovirus 1 below 3.5 cm under the soil surface could not be demonstrated. The viruses were applied to the columns as seeded sewage sludge. Under saturated conditions transport of water-suspended coxsackievirus B3 was faster in a soil column with sandy loam soil than in a diluvial sand column.

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Predicting sodification of calcium-saturated soil columns on leaching with sodic waters

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600082964 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 159-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. S. Siyag ◽

M. S. Lamba ◽

Raj Pal ◽

S. R. Poonia

Keyword(s):

Depth Distribution ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Ion Pairs ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Realistic Model ◽

Chemical Processes ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Predicted Values ◽

Better Than

SummaryDepth accumulation of exchangeable Na+ was measured in Ca-saturated sandy loam soil columns (length 50 cm; diameter 5 cm) after percolating 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ml of 013 M Na+, as NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 solutions. The values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increased gradually with the increase in the volumes of the solution percolated. Two conceptual layer models, based on whether solutions were added to the topmost soil layer in one lot (M-I) or in splits equal to the saturation deficit (M-II), were used to predict the depth distribution of ESP of soil. The chemical processes considered in the models were the formation of ion pairs and the exchange equilibria of Na+ and Ca2+. The predicted values of ESP were considerably higher for model M-II than model M-I. The consideration of ion-pair formation and the accompanying anion had only negligible effect on the predicted ESP. The model M-II over-predicted the experimental ESP throughout the soil columns, whereas the model M-I under-predicted it for the upper layer(s) and over-predicted for the lower layers. On the basis of average ESP of the whole columns, the less realistic model M-I predicted experimental results better than model M-II. This was attributed to the presence of mobile and immobile zones for the flowing solutions.

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Napropamide Adsorption, Desorption, and Movement in Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065000 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 454-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Chu-Huang Wu ◽

Normie Buehring ◽

J. M. Davidson ◽

P. W. Santelmann

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Water Application ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Carbon 14 ◽

Muck Soil ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Adsorption Desorption ◽

Layer Chromatography

Soil columns and soil thin-layer chromatography were used to evaluate the mobility of napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N,-diethylpropionamide] in various soils. The surface-applied herbicide did not move deeper than approximately 6 cm in a Teller sandy loam soil after a water application of 10.2 cm. The Rfvalues for napropamide and two reference herbicides were in the order of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] > napropamide > terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine]. The mobility of each herbicide was reduced with an increase in clay and organic matter content. Carbon-14 ring labeled napropamide was used to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the herbicide in various soils. The Rfvalues obtained with napropamide and each soil agreed with the adsorptive characteristics. Small applications of a muck soil to a sand (2%, w/w) significantly increased herbicide adsorption and decreased herbicide desorption.

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Effects of exchangeable sodium on crusting behavior of a sandy loam soil

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9860367 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 367

Author(s):

DK Painuli ◽

IP Abrol

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽

Exchangeable Sodium ◽

Soil Crusting ◽

Water Films ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Crust Strength

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, to evaluate the effect of exchangeable sodium (ES), amount of water applied, and evaporation and temperature conditions at drying on the crusting behaviour of a sandy loam soil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged from 5.8 to 30.7 in the field and from 6 to 60 in the greenhouse studies. Soil crusting behaviour was evaluated in terms of crust strength measured by a simulated seedling emergence technique. Water was applied as natural or simulated rainfall. Crust strength increased with ESP, amount of water applied, and temperature, but decreased with increasing evaporation demand. This change in crust strength was steep above ESP 30. Although drying of the crust increased its strength, beyond a certain degree of dryness the disappearance of water films surrounding the soil particles reduced strength for low ESP soils.

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Leaching and Degradation ofdl-Strigol in Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500070685 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 763-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Andrew I. Hsiao ◽

A. Douglas Worsham ◽

Donald E. Moreland

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Moist Soil ◽

Chemical Application ◽

Striga Asiatica ◽

Eradication Program ◽

Loam Soil

Leaching ofdl-strigol at six rates between 0.3 and 4.5 kg/ha through columns of sandy loam soil was estimated using a witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze # STRLU] germination bioassay. After 21 days of leaching daily with 1.27 cm of simulated rainfall, about 86% of the applied chemical remained in the top 2.5 cm of the soil, about 6% in the zone between 2.5 and 7.5 cm, and less than 1% in the soil at depths between 7.5 and 30 cm. However, even with the lowest rate of the chemical application, sufficientdl-strigol was leached to a soil depth between 22.5 and 30 cm to cause most, if not all, of the witchweed seeds to germinate. These results suggest thatdl-strigol has a potential for use as an effective tool for a witchweed control or eradication program. No significant degradation of the chemical occurred in moist soil during the 21-day period.

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Particle‐Facilitated Transport of Prochloraz in Undisturbed Sandy Loam Soil Columns

Journal of Environmental Quality ◽

10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700060028x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 1495-1503 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

H. Jonge ◽

O. H. Jacobsen ◽

L. W. Jonge ◽

P. Moldrup

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Facilitated Transport ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Loam Soil

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Flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils as influenced by irrigation timing

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091888 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 349-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chris H. Tingle ◽

David R. Shaw ◽

Patrick D. Gerard

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Type ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Irrigation Interval ◽

Loam Soil

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate14C-flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils of varied texture and organic matter content following delays in irrigation. Mobility was evaluated using packed soil columns, 25 cm deep, under unsaturated–saturated flow conditions. Irrigation timings included 0, 3, and 5 d after flumetsulam application. Flumetsulam mobility (defined as the amount collected in leachate) decreased from 45% to no more than 20% of the applied in the Prentiss sandy loam soil when irrigation was delayed 3 or 5 d. With the Okolona soil, flumetsulam recovery in the leachate was 21, 14, and 6%, respectively when irrigation occurred 0, 3, and 5 d after application. Flumetsulam proved to be mobile when irrigation immediately followed application, with 6 to 45% recovered in the leachate from all soils evaluated. The Prentiss soil retained 6% of the applied flumetsulam in the upper 5 cm and the Okolona soil retained 22% when irrigation immediately followed flumetsulam application. When the irrigation interval was delayed at least 3 d, the Okolona soil retained 40% in the upper 5 cm, whereas the Prentiss soil retained 10%. Flumetsulam mobility was dependent on irrigation timing and soil type.

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Relative Longevity of Macrophomina phaseolina and Associated Mycobiota on Residual Soybean Roots in Soil

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.563 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (5) ◽

pp. 563-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Richard E. Baird ◽

Clarence E. Watson ◽

Mary Scruggs

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Root Segments ◽

Tissue Degradation ◽

Mesh Bags ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Soybean Roots ◽

Over Time

Survival of the charcoal rot pathogen (Macrophomina phaseolina) in soybean (Glycine max) on residual root systems was studied over a 2-year period. Root segments colonized by M. phaseolina were placed into fiberglass-mesh bags and buried at depths of 0, 7.6, and 25.4 cm in a Marietta fine sandy loam soil in field microplots. Samples for year 1 and year 2 were buried in October 1999 and 2000, respectively, and sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period. Mean percent frequencies from both years for M. phaseolina showed a decreased linear trend over time from 91% before burial to 24.7% 2 months later, 10.3% at 6 months, and 0.3% after 14 months. Tissues were degraded in the June samplings of both years and this degradation was believed to be partially responsible for the reduced survival of M. phaseolina. Mean isolation frequencies were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater at the 0-cm depth than at 7.6 and 25.4 cm across all sampling dates. Other fungi which were present in the preliminary assay, including Fusarium spp. and those in the Phomopsis/Diaporthe complex, also declined by the end of the study. Trichoderma spp. was isolated at significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater frequencies and a significant positive linear trend over time. It is possible that Trichoderma spp. were involved in direct tissue degradation and nutrient depletion of the root segments, or may have acted as a mycoparasite, reducing the survival of the pathogen M. phaseolina and other associated fungi. Results from this study indicate that farm practices which increase residue destruction immediately after harvest or those that enhance Trichoderma spp. populations may directly or indirectly lower the relative longevity of soilborne pathogens, including M. phaseolina.

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