scholarly journals EARLY HISTORY OF ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES AND BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY. Brookhaven Lecture Series No. 55.

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.F. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Early History ◽  
Lecture Series ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The history of the muon (g-2) experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lee Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Muon Decay ◽  
Higgs Bosons ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

I discuss the history of the muon (g-2)(g−2) measurements, beginning with the Columbia-Nevis measurement that observed parity violation in muon decay, and also measured the muon gg-factor for the first time, finding g_\mu=2gμ=2. The theoretical (Standard Model) value contains contributions from quantum electrodynamics, the strong interaction through hadronic vacuum polarization and hadronic light-by-light loops, as well as the electroweak contributions from the WW, ZZ and Higgs bosons. The subsequent experiments, first at Nevis and then with increasing precision at CERN, measured the muon anomaly a_\mu = (g_\mu-2)/2aμ=(gμ−2)/2 down to a precision of 7.3 parts per million (ppm). The Brookhaven National Laboratory experiment E821 increased the precision to 0.54 ppm, and observed for the first time the electroweak contributions. Interestingly, the value of a_\muaμ measured at Brookhaven appears to be larger than the Standard Model value by greater than three standard deviations. A new experiment, Fermilab E989, aims to improve on the precision by a factor of four, to clarify whether this result is a harbinger of new physics entering through loops, or from some experimental, statistical or systematic issue.

Chapter 3 History of the STEM at Brookhaven National Laboratory

2009 ◽  
pp. 101-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Wall ◽  
Martha N. Simon ◽  
James F. Hainfeld
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
History Of

If we build it, who will come? Radio astronomy and the limitations of ““national”” laboratories in Cold War America

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID MUNNS
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Big Science ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
National Science ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT: The history of big science, especially physics, informs historians that the instrument is at the heart of Cold War science. This article presents the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which was consciously modeled on the Brookhaven National Laboratory and where the choice of instrument was of only secondary importance. During the planning for the NRAO, which took place from 1954 until 1956, mostly in offices in Washington, D.C. and New York, an extended debate emerged over the place of ““national”” facilities in science, and their relationship to established university programs, particularly those concerned with graduate student instruction. The case of the NRAO reveals the resilience of notions of dispersed scientific community, emphasizing smaller programs in many universities, as well as the perceived necessity of continued participation from a wide disciplinary array of practitioners who, cooperatively, forged radio astronomy. This essay illustrates substantial resistance to the model of scientific practice advocated by the national laboratories when applied to radio astronomy. Critics of a national facility for radio astronomy charged that the substantial funds could be better utilized within existing university-based programs, which would need to be expanded in any event to provide the researchers for the national facility. The senior researchers in radio astronomy were not American, highlighting the fallacy of the notion of national science.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

Chemical and orientational imaging of polymeric samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
H. Ade ◽  
B. Hsiao ◽  
G. Mitchell ◽  
E. Rightor ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Polymeric Samples ◽  
X Ray Absorption

We have used the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at beamline X1A (X1-STXM) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to acquire high resolution, chemical and orientation sensitive images of polymeric samples as well as point spectra from 0.1 μm areas. This sensitivity is achieved by exploiting the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) of the carbon K edge. One of the most illustrative example of the chemical sensitivity achievable is provided by images of a polycarbonate/pol(ethylene terephthalate) (70/30 PC/PET) blend. Contrast reversal at high overall contrast is observed between images acquired at 285.36 and 285.69 eV (Fig. 1). Contrast in these images is achieved by exploring subtle differences between resonances associated with the π bonds (sp hybridization) of the aromatic groups of each polymer. PET has a split peak associated with these aromatic groups, due to the proximity of its carbonyl groups to its aromatic rings, whereas PC has only a single peak.

The early history of tuberous sclerosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of

New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Henry ◽  
David Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
History Of
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