scholarly journals Pediatric HIV-1 Acquisition and Lifelong Consequences of Infant Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Cody S. Nelson ◽  
Genevieve G.A. Fouda ◽  
Sallie R. Permar
Keyword(s):  
Infant Development ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Pediatric Aids ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Immune Therapies ◽  
Immune Factors ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Hiv 1

Increased availability of antiretroviral therapy to pregnant and breastfeeding women in resource-limited areas has proven remarkably successful at reducing HIV vertical transmission rates over the past several decades. Yet, still, more than 170,000 children are infected annually due to failures in therapy implementation, monitoring, and adherence. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 can occur at one of several distinct stages of infant development – intrauterine, intrapartum, and postpartum. The heterogeneity of the maternal-fetal interface at each of these modes of transmission poses a challenge for the implementation of immune interventions to prevent all modes of HIV MTCT. However, using mother-infant human cohorts and nonhuman primate models of infant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) acquisition, investigators have made an important observation about the biology of pediatric HIV infection and have identified unique protective immune factors for each mode of transmission. Knowledge of immune factors protective against HIV MTCT will be critical to the development of targeted immune therapies to prevent infant HIV acquisition and to bring an end to the pediatric AIDS epidemic.

scholarly journals Western Blot-Based Logistic Regression Model for the Identification of Recent HIV-1 Infection: A Promising HIV-1 Surveillance Approach for Resource-Limited Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiegang Huang ◽  
Minlian Wang ◽  
Chunyuan Huang ◽  
Bingyu Liang ◽  
Junjun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Validation Set ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Hiv 1

Objectives. Identifying recent infections is necessary to monitor HIV/AIDS epidemic; however, it needs to be further developed. Methods and Results. Participants were defined as having recent infection or older infection according to the estimated duration of HIV-1 infection and further assigned into training set and validation set according to their entering time points. Western blot (WB) confirmatory test and BED-CEIA were performed. The performance of the two methods on recent HIV-1 diagnosis was evaluated and compared. 81 subjects were enrolled in the training set and 72 in the validation set. Relative grey ratios of p24, p39, p31, p66, gp41, and gp160 were significantly higher in older infected patients of the training set. The present status of p55 was more frequently missing in recently infected patients in both sets. The logistic stepwise regression analysis of WB method shows sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 93.02%, 92.11%, and 92.59%. For BED-CEIA, they were 76.74%, 86.84%, and 81.48%. In the validation set, overall agreement rate, sensitivity, and specificity were 88.46%, 84.78%, and 86.11% in the WB-based method and 50.00%, 84.78%, and 72.22% in the BED-CEIA method. Conclusions. WB-based method is a promising approach to predict recent HIV-1 infection, especially in resource-limited regions.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Drug Resistance Genotyping in Resource Limited Settings: Current and Future Perspectives in Sequencing Technologies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Sontaga Manyana ◽  
Lilishia Gounder ◽  
Melendhran Pillay ◽  
Justen Manasa ◽  
Kogieleum Naidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Hiv 1

Affordable, sensitive, and scalable technologies are needed for monitoring antiretroviral treatment (ART) success with the goal of eradicating HIV-1 infection. This review discusses use of Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS) methods for HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping, focusing on their use in resource limited settings (RLS). Sanger sequencing remains the gold-standard method for detecting HIVDR mutations of clinical relevance but is mainly limited by high sequencing costs and low-throughput. NGS is becoming a more common sequencing method, with the ability to detect low-abundance drug-resistant variants and reduce per sample costs through sample pooling and massive parallel sequencing. However, use of NGS in RLS is mainly limited by infrastructure costs. Given these shortcomings, our review discusses sequencing technologies for HIVDR genotyping, focusing on common in-house and commercial assays, challenges with Sanger sequencing in keeping up with changes in HIV-1 treatment programs, as well as challenges with NGS that limit its implementation in RLS and in clinical diagnostics. We further discuss knowledge gaps and offer recommendations on how to overcome existing barriers for implementing HIVDR genotyping in RLS, to make informed clinical decisions that improve quality of life for people living with HIV.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Immune Survival Factors in Pediatric HIV-1 Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 918 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM T. SHEARER ◽  
KIRK A. EASLY ◽  
JOHANNA GOLDFARB ◽  
HAL B. JENSON ◽  
HOWARD M. ROSENBLATT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Survival Factors ◽  
Hiv 1

Pediatric HIV-1 Disease in a Kampala Hospital

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Muller ◽  
P. Musoke ◽  
G. Sen ◽  
R. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Persistent non-gastrointestinal metabolic acidosis in pediatric HIV-1 infection

AIDS ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Chakraborty ◽  
Constancia S Uy ◽  
James M Oleske ◽  
Pietro G Coen ◽  
George D McSherry
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals RNA Detection and Subtype C Assessment of HIV-1 in Infants with Diarrhea in Ethiopia

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Workenesh Ayele ◽  
Tsehai Assefa ◽  
Sileshi Lulseged ◽  
Belete Tegbaru ◽  
Hiwot Berhanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Established Infection

In the absence of chemoprophylaxis, HIV-1 transmission occurs in 13-42% of infants born to HIV-1 positive mothers. All exposed infants acquire maternal HIV-1 antibodies that persist for up to 15 months, thereby hampering diagnosis. In resource limited settings, clinical symptoms are the indices of established infection against validated laboratorybased markers. Here we enrolled 1200 children hospitalized for diarrheal and other illnesses. 20-25% of those tested, aged 15 months or younger, were found to be HIV-1-seropositive. Where sufficient plasma was available, HIV-1 RNA detection was performed using a subtype-insensitive assay, with 71.1% of seropositive infants presenting with diarrhea showing positive. From sub-typing analysis, we identified that viruses of the C’ sub-cluster were predominated amongst infants. Although this study may overestimate the HIV-1 frequency through testing symptomatic infants, diarrhea can be seen as a useful marker indicating HIV-1 infection in infants less than 15 months old.

scholarly journals HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kalinichenko ◽  
Dmitriy Komkov ◽  
Dmitriy Mazurov
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

So far, only two retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (type 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been recognized as pathogenic for humans. Both viruses mainly infect CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV replication induces the apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After a long clinical latency period, HTLV-1 can transform lymphocytes, with subsequent uncontrolled proliferation and the manifestation of a disease called adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL). Certain infected patients develop neurological autoimmune disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Both viruses are transmitted between individuals via blood transfusion, tissue/organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and sexual intercourse. Within the host, these viruses can spread utilizing either cell-free or cell-to-cell modes of transmission. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and importance of each mode of transmission for the biology of HIV-1 and HTLV-1.

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