HPV VACCINATION AWARENESS AND ITS RELATION TO ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER: A SINGLE CENTRE STUDY

Background - The recently developed HPV vaccine is highly effective against the HPV virus. It has met widespread acceptance amongst healthcare and public health professionals. However, there are still social barriers to vaccination that hampers the effects of preventing the disease caused by HPV. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the survey responses regarding the knowledge, awareness, and vaccination status among dental professionals and students in a local population and to emphasize the relationship between HPV and the increasing incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in the current scenario. Methodology - This study was a prospective analysis of a questionnaire collected from the dentist and dental students at The Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; regarding their knowledge, awareness, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - vaccination status.Results - 96% of the participants were aware of the HPV and only 4% were unaware of the virus. About 18.7 % of the participants were unaware of the modes of transmission of HPV. Only 66.6 % knew that HPV - 16 and 18 were responsible for Oral and cervical cancers. Conclusion - Understanding the barriers and hesitancy to vaccination is the crucial step to designing strategies that may aid in enhancing the vaccination

HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread

So far, only two retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (type 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been recognized as pathogenic for humans. Both viruses mainly infect CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV replication induces the apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After a long clinical latency period, HTLV-1 can transform lymphocytes, with subsequent uncontrolled proliferation and the manifestation of a disease called adult T-cell leukemia (ATLL). Certain infected patients develop neurological autoimmune disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Both viruses are transmitted between individuals via blood transfusion, tissue/organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and sexual intercourse. Within the host, these viruses can spread utilizing either cell-free or cell-to-cell modes of transmission. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and importance of each mode of transmission for the biology of HIV-1 and HTLV-1.

The impact of COVID-19 on consumers' eating and purchasing habits of agricultural products in China: key determinants and policy implications

Background The study looks at a changed in consumer’s eating and purchasing habits during COVID-19 period. There are several modes of transmission but transmission through food as being speculated is one area that has not been confirmed through research. The study, therefore, looks at how speculations about COVID-19 spreading through food has affected consumers' eating and purchasing habits. This study through probit model analysed how consumers' eating and purchasing habits have been influenced. Results The result shows that age, gender and education have negatively influenced consumer’s eating and purchasing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic period. The preference for imported food items, preference for frozen food, been infected or knowing someone who has been infected by the virus, and been infected through agricultural source or knowing someone who has been infected by the COVID-19 through agricultural source have negatively affected consumers' eating and purchasing habits compared to pre-pandemic period. The result, however, suggests that consumers who trust in the cold-chain food systems ability to limit the spread of the COVID-19 still maintain a positive eating and purchasing habits. Conclusions The study provides evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on consumer’s eating and purchasing habits. Therefore, there is the need to institute proper sanitary measures, especially at cold-chain food systems to help curb the spread and also boost consumers’ confidence.

Investigation of the Antibacterial Properties of Silver-Doped Amorphous Carbon Coatings Produced by Low Pressure Magnetron Assisted Acetylene Discharges

Hospital-acquired infections are responsible for a significant part of morbidity and mortality. Among the possible modes of transmission, this study focuses on environmental surfaces by developing innovative antibacterial coatings that can be applied on interior fittings in hospitals. This work aims to optimize a coating made of an amorphous carbon matrix doped with silver (a-C:H:Ag) produced by a hybrid PVD/PECVD process and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. We present a coating characterization (chemical composition and morphology) as well as its stability in an ageing process and after multiple exposures to bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the coatings is demonstrated against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria through several bioassays. Moreover, the data suggest a crucial role of silver diffusion towards the surface and nanoparticle formation to explain the very promising anti-bacterial activities reported in this work.

Spread of COVID-19 and Its Main Modes of Transmission

The coronaviruses group can affect mammals, including humans, causing generally mild infectious disorders, sporadically leading to severe outbreak clusters, such as those generated by SARS-CoV in 2003 and by MERS-CoV in 2012 and in 2015. The current coronavirus outbreak started December 29th, 2019 in Wuhan (Republic of China) and has progressively expanded to various parts of the world. A human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 occurs directly through individuals showing symptoms. But, recent researches support the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from persons who are asymptomatic. Indirect transmission occurs via touching infected surfaces or through inhalation of small, exhaled virus in respiratory droplets. To effectively fight the spread of COVID-19, it is vital to understand the different factors that promote superspreading of COVID-19. So, the aim of this chapter is to describe the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body and the different modes of transmission (directly and indirectly).

Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques

Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19’s first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal–Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.

Kajian Pustaka: Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Masyarakat untuk Mencari Fasilitas Kesehatan dalam Penanganan Penyakit Tuberkulosis

Introduction: The knowledge and behavior of the community in seeking health facilities for the treatment of tuberculosis were studied separately by previous researchers, so it is necessary to do a literature review to get a complete picture of this phenomenon. This study aims to obtain an overview of knowledge about tuberculosis and the behavior of people seeking health facilities in the treatment of tuberculosis in various previous studies.Methods: The study was a literature review. The sample of this study was eight articles, with inclusion criteria i.e. published in journals in the last 10 years, descriptive research, and full text. The articles were obtained through the search engines Science Direct, Scopus and Ebsco Host. The literature analysis was carried out by means of a narrative review and presented in a table.Results: The level of public knowledge about the causes of tuberculosis, signs and symptoms of the disease, modes of transmission, ways to prevent transmission, as well as knowledge that tuberculosis can be cured varied from low to high levels of knowledge. People take advantage of government and private health services, buy drugs at pharmacies, and go to traditional healers/traditional healers to get treatment for tuberculosis.Conclusion: There are still public misunderstandings about tuberculosis and obstacles in utilizing health facilities for the treatment of tuberculosis. Therefore, health education and counseling need to be improved so that public knowledge related to tuberculosis is getting better and has a positive impact on the behavior of seeking health facilities in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is necessary to conduct further studies on the factors that underlie people's behavior in seeking health facilities in the treatment of tuberculosis.

A generalized distributed delay model for HBV infection with two modes of transmission and adaptive immunity: A mathematical study

In this paper, we formulate a generalized hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection model with two modes of infection transmission and adaptive immunity, and investigate its dynamical properties. Both the virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell infection transmissions are modeled by general functions which satisfy some biologically motivated assumptions. Furthermore, the model incorporates three distributed time delays for the production of active infected hepatocytes, mature capsids and virions. The well-posedness of the proposed model is established by showing the non-negativity and boundedness of solu- tions. Five equilibria of the model are identified in terms of five threshold parameters R0, R1, R2, R3 and R4. Further, the global stability analysis of each equilibrium under certain conditions is carried out by employing suitable Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. Finally, we present an example with numerical simulations to il- lustrate the applicability of our study. Nonetheless, the results obtained in this study are valid for a wide class of HBV infection models.

O que mudou em relação à manobra de RCP em tempos de pandemia do SARS-CoV-2?

Introdução: Diante da COVID-19, doença altamente contagiosa que se alastrou pelo mundo, e impondo aos profissionais de saúde o desafio de prestar atendimento seguro nas situações que, muitas vezes, são graves, novos protocolos foram estabelecidos como forma de evitar a disseminação do vírus e proteger a equipe de profissionais da saúde . A pandemia do SARS-CoV-2 acometeu milhões de pessoas no mundo, levando centenas a óbito, e trouxe a necessidade de modificações nas práticas de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, procedimento que gera grande quantidade de aerossóis e risco de contágio. No ambiente hospitalar, são esperadas ações, como: limitar o número de pessoas para fazer o atendimento, iniciar as compressões torácicas com o monitoramento e procedimentos necessários e priorizar a intubação precoce - sempre que tiver um médico experiente disponível . Objetivo(s): Refletir sobre as principais mudanças no atendimento de pacientes, com suspeita ou diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19, e que estejam em parada cardiorrespiratória, para atualizar os profissionais em relação ao procedimento, aumentando a chance de sobrevida dos pacientes e diminuindo o risco de contágio à equipe. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de reflexão teórica, de caráter descritivo e abordagem qualitativa com base em documentos emitidos pelos principais órgãos reguladores de saúde e periódicos indexados na SciELO e PubMed, realizado em outubro de 2021. O recorte temporal utilizado foi o tempo da pandemia (2019- 2021). Resultados: A transmissão do SARS-CoV-2 se dá por via respiratória através de gotículas salivares emitidas por meio da tosse ou espirro do indivíduo infectado, ou ainda pelo contato com superfícies/objetos contaminados. Alguns procedimentos hospitalares, como: a intubação e a aspiração traqueal, a ventilação mecânica não invasiva, a ventilação manual, a nebulização, as coletas de amostras nasotraqueais, assim como a RCP, emitem aerossóis responsáveis pelo aumento do risco de transmissibilidade . Dessa forma, os profissionais dos serviços de saúde constituem um grupo de alto risco para a COVID19, tornando‑se necessária a adoção de medidas de prevenção, controle e proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores . Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que as principais adequações foram a organização de uma equipe mínima para esses atendimentos, a utilização dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual adequados e a realização de ventilação segura, com dispositivos que minimizem a formação e disseminação de aerossóis e a utilização de dispositivos mecânicos para a realização de compressões torácicas. Referências 1. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2020 [citado 2020 jul 31]. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/ 2. Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Genebra: OMS; 2020 [citado 2020 jul 31]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/modes-of-transmission-of-viruscausing-covid-19-implicationsfor-ipc-precaution-recommendations 3. American Heart Association (AHA). Destaques das atualizações direcionadas nas diretrizes de 2019 da American Heart Association para ressuscitação cardiopulmonar e atendimento cardiovascular de emergência. Dallas: AHA; 2019 [citado 2020 jul 31]. Disponível em: https://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019- Focused-Updates_Highlights_PTBR.pdf PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Parada Cardíaca, Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar, Infecções por Coronavírus, Pandemias, Saúde do Trabalhador

Bovine zoonoses in Cameroon's West region: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of herdsmen

Background and Aim: Shepherds are in constant contact with animals, and they are potential hosts for the transmission of zoonoses. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of shepherds in Cameroon's West region regarding zoonotic diseases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2017, on 218 shepherds. The data were collected using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The participants were assessed on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices that might expose them to bovine zoonose transmission, and the data were analyzed with R, version 2.13.0. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the association between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge was explored using the Chi-square test. Results: Out of the 218 herdsmen, (205/218) 94% did not have any education, and (195/218) 89.5% did not know the definition of zoonosis. There was a correlation between the level of education and knowledge of the definition of zoonosis: About (162/218) 74.6% cited tuberculosis as a zoonosis, (62/218) 28.4% said the main modes of transmission were by ingestion of contaminated milk, and (66/218) 30.3% by consumption of contaminated meat. Abortions during the third trimester of gestation, combined with the presence of hygroma, were described by (130/218) 59.6% of the participants as brucellosis symptoms. In terms of practices and attitudes, (187/218) 85.8% and (50.14/218) 23.0% of the participants confirmed that they consumed raw milk and raw meat, respectively. Almost all (214/218) 98.1% interviewees stated that blood consumption is forbidden. In case of suspicion of disease, (204/218) 93.6% maintained that they treated sick animals without a veterinary prescription, and (209/218) 95.9% left the carcasses in the wild. After contact with animals, (181/218) 83.3% washed their hands. Finally, (192/218) 88.3% would like to be informed about zoonoses. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about zoonotic diseases was low; a high percentage of shepherds followed inadequate hygiene practices and expressed concern about zoonoses. As a result, they are at risk of exposure to pathogens. It would be in the interest of public health to develop training programs for shepherds and livestock owners to mitigate zoonotic risks.