What is medicine? (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Yucuma ◽  
Angie K. Puerto ◽  
Manuela Tellez ◽  
Alejandro Jadad
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

UNSTRUCTURED What is ‘medicine’? To answer this question, published definitions or conceptualizations were sought through adapted search strategies of Google Scholar, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Top-11 English dictionaries; and the websites of top-ranked medical schools, all 113 members of the World Medical Association, the US Institute of Medicine, the World Federation for Medical Education and the World Health Organization up to March 2020. Three articles in scholarly journals, all of the dictionaries and none of the medical schools, associations, or institutions provided a definition or conceptualization. No source described a systematic, replicable process to capture the meaning of ‘medicine’. Bold, systematic, and replicable initiatives are needed to fill this gap, as a means to guide the contributions of the medical profession, governments, academia, and corporations; to separate medicine from other professions, and to clarify its role in the creation and preservation of health beyond the chemical-mechanical view of patients and their diseases as humanity goes through the COVID-19 pandemic and enters ‘the next normal’.

Haemophilia in the 1990s: Report of a Joint Meeting of the World Health Organization and World Federation of Hemophilia

Vox Sanguinis ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-224
Author(s):  
C.K. Kasper ◽  
P.M. Mannucci ◽  
V. Bulyzhenkov ◽  
D.B. Brettler ◽  
A. Chuansumrit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Joint Meeting ◽  
World Federation ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

scholarly journals Ethical use of off-label disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 135245852110302
Author(s):  
Joanna Laurson-Doube ◽  
Nick Rijke ◽  
Anne Helme ◽  
Peer Baneke ◽  
Brenda Banwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Off-label disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) are used in at least 89 countries. There is a need for structured and transparent evidence-based guidelines to support clinical decision-making, pharmaceutical policies and reimbursement decisions for off-label DMTs. Objectives/Results: The authors put forward general principles for the ethical use of off-label DMTs for treating MS and a process to assess existing evidence and develop recommendations for their use. Conclusion: The principles and process are endorsed by the World Federation of Neurology (WFN), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), European Academy of Neurology (EAN), Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ACTRIMS), European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), Middle-East North Africa Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (MENACTRIMS) and Pan-Asian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (PACTRIMS), and we have regularly consulted with the Brain Health Unit, Mental Health and Substance Use Department at the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Global neurosurgery: continued momentum at the 72nd World Health Assembly

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 1256-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Rosseau ◽  
Walter D. Johnson ◽  
Kee B. Park ◽  
Peter J. Hutchinson ◽  
Laura Lippa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Surgery ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
Liaison Committee ◽  
Emergency Care Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization

Global neurosurgery is the practice of neurosurgery with the primary purpose of delivering timely, safe, and affordable neurosurgical care to all who need it. This field is led by neurosurgeons, and global neurosurgery sessions are now part of every major international neurosurgical meeting. The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) is working to coordinate activities and align all related activities for greater impact. This report updates the contributions made by the WFNS-WHO Liaison Committee at the most recent World Health Assembly (WHA) in 2019. The WHA is a decision-making body of the World Health Organization (WHO), attended by its 194 Member States. The WFNS has maintained official relations as a nongovernmental organization with the WHO for over 30 years, and this year 15 neurosurgical delegates attended events during the WHA. Participation by neurosurgeons continues to grow as many WHA events focused on global surgery have intrinsically involved neurosurgical leadership and participation. This year, resolution WHA72.31, entitled “Emergency and trauma care, Emergency care systems for universal health coverage: ensuring timely care for the acutely ill and injured,” was passed. This resolution provides further opportunities for neurosurgical advocacy as the landscape of global surgery gains recognition and momentum.

Older people and medication management: from compliance to concordance

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline McGraw ◽  
Vari Drennan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

The issue of not taking medicines as prescribed by medical practitioners has a history as long as the medical profession itself. The World Health Organization recently described the problem of patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses not taking their medication as prescribed as ‘a worldwide problem of striking magnitude’. Not taking medicines as prescribed has consequences not only for the individual in terms of therapeutic failure, but also for the wider society. For the individual, failure to take medication as prescribed may result in ill health, poorer quality of life, and reduced life expectancy. For the wider society, consequences include avoidable health care expenditure and the development of drug resistance.

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases - Past, Present and Future

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Takeda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Global Response ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

The global threat of new infectious diseases first became widely recognized in the 1990s. The US government published a report on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases followed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which adopted the slogan "Emerging Infectious Diseases: Global Alert, Global Response" in 1997. Typical examples of the more than 30 infectious diseases emerging since 1970s are HIV/AIDS, Vibrio cholerae O139 infection, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and avian influenza. The New Infectious Diseases Control Law enacted in Japan in 1999 was to control these emerging infectious diseases and the already existing ones.

scholarly journals A Review of Dietary Zinc Recommendations

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind S. Gibson ◽  
Janet C. King ◽  
Nicola Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Zinc Bioavailability ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Us ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Large discrepancies exist among the dietary zinc recommendations set by expert groups. Objective: To describe the basis for the differences in the dietary zinc recommendations set by the World Health Organization, the US Institute of Medicine, the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, and the European Food Safety Agency. Methods: We compared the sources of the data, the concepts, and methods used by the 4 expert groups to set the physiological requirements for absorbed zinc, the dietary zinc requirements (termed estimated and/or average requirements), recommended dietary allowances (or recommended nutrient intakes or population reference intakes), and tolerable upper intake levels for selected age, sex, and life-stage groups. Results: All 4 expert groups used the factorial approach to estimate the physiological requirements for zinc. These are based on the estimates of absorbed zinc required to offset all obligatory zinc losses plus any additional requirements for absorbed zinc for growth, pregnancy, or lactation. However, discrepancies exist in the reference body weights used, studies selected, approaches to estimate endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) losses, the adjustments applied to derive dietary zinc requirements that take into account zinc bioavailability in the habitual diets, number of dietary zinc recommendations set, and the nomenclature used to describe them. Conclusions: Estimates for the physiological and dietary requirements varied across the 4 expert groups. The European Food Safety Agency was the only expert group that set dietary zinc recommendations at 4 different levels of dietary phytate for adults (but not for children) and as of yet no tolerable upper intake level for any life-stage group.

scholarly journals The World Health Organization and the global standardization of medical training, a history

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Weisz ◽  
Beata Nannestad
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
International Medical ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background This article presents a history of efforts by the World Health Organization and its most important ally, the World Federation for Medical Education, to strengthen and standardize international medical education. This aspect of WHO activity has been largely ignored in recent historical and sociological work on that organization and on global health generally. Methods Historical textual analysis is applied to the digitalized archives and publications of the World Health Organization and the World Federation for Medical Education, as well as to publications in the periodic literature commenting on the standardization of international medical training and the problems associated with it. Results Efforts to reform medical training occurred during three distinct chronological periods: the 1950s and 1960s characterized by efforts to disseminate western scientific norms; the 1970s and 1980s dominated by efforts to align medical training with the WHO’s Primary Healthcare Policy; and from the late 1980s to the present, the campaign to impose global standards and institutional accreditation on medical schools worldwide. A growing number of publications in the periodic literature comment on the standardization of international medical training and the problems associated with it, notably the difficulty of reconciling global standards with local needs and of demonstrating the effects of curricular change.

Review of the scientific evidence used for establishing US policies on added sugars

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 646-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula R Trumbo
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee has set recommendations to limit added sugars. This action was based on the association between dietary pattern quality scores and chronic disease risk, the results of meta-analyses conducted for the World Health Organization, and data from modeling of dietary patterns for establishing the US Department of Agriculture’s Healthy US-Style Eating Patterns. Recommendations provided by the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans were used by the US Food and Drug Administration to establish, for the first time, the mandatory declaration of added sugars and a Daily Value of added sugars for the Nutrition Facts label. This review provides an overview of the scientific evidence considered by the World Health Organization, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and the US Food and Drug Administration for setting recent polices and regulations on added sugars and highlights important issues and inconsistencies in the evaluations and interpretations of the evidence.

The RCS accreditation network portal

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 267-267
Author(s):  
Peter Lamont ◽  
Anna Yerokhina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Federation ◽  
External Evaluation ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) have a strategic partnership for the promotion of accreditation in medical education around the world. They have developed accreditation guidelines, which recommend establishing accreditation that is effective, independent, transparent and based on criteria specific to medical education. So far, only a minority of countries have quality assurance systems based on external evaluation and the majority use only general criteria when approving or evaluating an educational activity.

Diarrhea Care in Private Practice

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-980
Author(s):  
MARK L. TOCHEN ◽  
DON TSUKAMAKI
Keyword(s):  
Kansas City ◽  
Oral Rehydration Solution ◽  
Oral Rehydration Therapy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Rehydration Solutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Rehydration Solution ◽  
Health Organization

To the Editor.— The article by Dr Snyder, "Use and Misuse of Oral Rehydration Therapy for Diarrhea,"1 led us to review our treatment of gastroenteritis, revise our telephone protocols, and seek out rehydration solutions. Our difficulty in obtaining adequate supplies mirrored that of Dr O'Banion.2 Expense to the patient is also an important factor: commercial premixed solutions sell for $4 to $6 per quart in our area, which many families cannot pay. Our solution was to obtain from the World Health Organization the name of the US supplier of oral rehydration solution (ORS) packets and order direct from the supplier (Jianas Bros Packaging Co, 2533 SW Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64108).

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