scholarly journals Neighborhood Poverty and Amygdala Response to Negative Face

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. p67
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Black Youth ◽  
Neighborhood Poverty ◽  
Amygdala Response ◽  
Neighborhood Income ◽  
The Right ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Hispanic White ◽  
Neighborhood Ses ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Introduction: Considerable research has established a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function. While studies have shown a link between poverty status and amygdala response to negative stimuli, a paucity of knowledge exists on whether neighborhood poverty is also independently associated with amygdala hyperactive response to negative stimuli. Purpose: Using functional brain imaging data, this study tested the association between neighborhood SES and the amygdala’s response to negative stimuli. Considering race as a sociological rather than a biological construct, we also explored racial heterogeneity in this association between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White youth. Methods: We borrowed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The sample was 2,490 nine to ten years old non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents. The independent variable was neighborhood income which was treated as a continuous measure. The primary outcomes were the right and left amygdala response to negative face during an N-Back task. Age, sex, race, marital status, and family SES were the covariates. To analyze the data, we used linear regression models. Results: Low neighborhood income was independently associated with a higher level of amygdala response to negative face. Similar results were seen for the right and left amygdala. These effects were significant net of race, age, sex, marital status, and family SES. An association between low neighborhood SES and higher left but not right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic Black youth. No association between neighborhood SES and left or right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic White youth. Conclusions: For American youth, particularly non-Hispanic Black youth, living in a poor neighborhood predicts the left amygdala reaction to negative face. This result suggested that Black youth who live in poor neighborhoods are at a high risk of poor emotion regulation. This finding has implications for policy making to reduce inequalities in undesired behavioral and emotional outcomes. Policy solutions to health inequalities should address inequalities in neighborhood SES.

scholarly journals AMYGDALA RESPONSE TO NEGATIVE STIMULI PREDICTS PTSD SYMPTOM ONSET FOLLOWING A TERRORIST ATTACK

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 834-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Daniel S. Busso ◽  
Andrea Duys ◽  
Jennifer Greif Green ◽  
Sonia Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Ptsd Symptom ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Amygdala Response ◽  
Negative Stimuli

scholarly journals Family Income Mediates the Effect of Parental Education on Adolescents’ Hippocampus Activation During an N-Back Memory Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
Neighborhood Income ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Introduction: Hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure, has significant implications in memory formation and learning. Although hippocampus activity is believed to be affected by socioeconomic status (SES), limited knowledge exists on which SES indicators influence hippocampus function. Purpose: This study explored the separate and combined effects of three SES indicators, namely parental education, family income, and neighborhood income, on adolescents’ hippocampus activation during an N-Back memory task. As some of the effects of parental education may be through income, we also tested if the effect of parental education on hippocampus activation during our N-Back memory task is mediated by family or neighborhood income. Methods: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is a national multi-center investigation of American adolescents’ brain development. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of a total sample of 3067 9–10-year-old adolescents were used. The primary outcome was left- hippocampus activation during the N-Back memory task (mean beta weight for N-Back run 1 2 back versus 0 back contrast in left hippocampus). The independent variable was parental education. Family income and neighborhood income were two possible mediators. Age, sex, and marital status were the covariates. To test mediation, we used hierarchical linear regression models first without and then with our mediators. Full mediation was defined according to Kenny. The Sobel test was used to confirm statistical mediation. Results: In the absence of family and neighborhood income in the model, higher parental educational attainment was associated with lower level of left hippocampus activation during the N-Back memory task. This effect was significant while age, sex, and marital status were controlled. The association between parental educational attainment and hippocampus activation during the N-Back memory task was no more significant when we controlled for family and neighborhood income. Instead, family income was associated with hippocampus activation during the N-Back memory task. These findings suggested that family income fully mediates the effect of parental educational attainment on left hippocampus activation during the N-Back memory task. Conclusions: The effect of parental educational attainment on adolescents’ hippocampus activation during an N-Back memory task is fully explained by family income. That means low family income is why adolescents with low-educated parents show highlighted hippocampus activation during an N-Back memory task. Given the central role of the hippocampus in learning and memory and as income is a modifiable factor by tax and economic policies, income-redistribution policies, fair taxation, and higher minimum wage may have implications for promotion of adolescent equality and social justice. There is a need to focus on family-level economic needs across all levels of neighborhood income.

“BRAINWASHING FOR THE RIGHT REASONS WITH THE RIGHT MESSAGE”: IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY IN BLACK ORGANIZING

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-420
Author(s):  
Chaniqua D. Simpson ◽  
Avery Walter ◽  
Kim Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Black Youth ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Subjectivity ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Primary Documents ◽  
The Right ◽  
Depth Interviews

Media outlets and academics often oversimplify and mischaracterize current manifestations of Black mobilization as a movement that opposes police violence against Black men, supports police reform, and desires assimilation and integration into the state. In reality, however, the movement is much more complex. We examine how Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100), a prominent organization in the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL), creates, teaches, and negotiates ideology. Drawing on fieldwork with Black organizers involved in the M4BL, in-depth interviews and conversations with Black organizers, and a content analysis of primary documents from the movement, we find that rather than promote assimilation, Black organizers use intersectional ideology to socialize members into an understanding of a racialized state. This socialization allows members to develop political subjectivity that not only challenges the state but also transforms their everyday lives and relationships.

Neural response to angry and disgusted facial expressions in bulimia nervosa

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2375-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ashworth ◽  
A. Pringle ◽  
R. Norbury ◽  
C. J. Harmer ◽  
P. J. Cowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Interpersonal Difficulties ◽  
Amygdala Response ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
The Right ◽  
Free Women

BackgroundProcessing emotional facial expressions is of interest in eating disorders (EDs) as impairments in recognizing and understanding social cues might underlie the interpersonal difficulties experienced by these patients. Disgust and anger are of particular theoretical and clinical interest. The current study investigated the neural response to facial expressions of anger and disgust in bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodParticipants were 12 medication-free women with BN in an acute episode (mean age 24 years), and 16 age-, gender- and IQ-matched healthy volunteers (HVs). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine neural responses to angry and disgusted facial expressions.ResultsCompared with HVs, patients with BN had a decreased neural response in the precuneus to facial expressions of both anger and disgust and a decreased neural response to angry facial expressions in the right amygdala.ConclusionsThe neural response to emotional facial expressions in BN differs from that found in HVs. The precuneus response may be consistent with the application of mentalization theory to EDs, and the amygdala response with relevant ED theory. The findings are preliminary, but novel, and require replication in a larger sample.

scholarly journals Marital Status Equity in Tenant Selection Criteria in the Akure Rental Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Oladotun Nathanael Agboola ◽  
Michael Ayodele Olukolajo
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

The paper examines the selection criteria for prospective single and married tenants by Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the study area, to determine fairness in practice. The survey research adopted a structured questionnaire to elicit data from a sample of Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria as Estate Surveyors and Valuers serve as both agents and property managers in the study area. Data collected were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII) and Mann Whitney U test. Findings revealed that irrespective of the marital status, the nature of employment of the prospective tenants is an essential criterion used at tenant selection. Also, there exists between singles and married tenants a statistically significant difference in the selection criteria used by Estate Surveyors and Valuers concerning 'employment' and 'ability of prospective tenants to pay subsequent rent' ; while, there was no significant difference in the tenant selection criteria in the areas of religion, gender, ethnicity, age, nature of employment, ability to pay the required rent, advance rent payment, ability to pay caution deposit, ability to pay service charge, provision of suitable Guarantors/Referee, physical appearance, suitability to the property, family size, ability and willingness to stick to the terms of the lease, criminality history/track record, first-time renters and history of previous tenancy. The study recommended that Estate Surveyors and Valuers should desist from discriminatory selection criteria differences as housing is a fundamental requirement for all, marital status notwithstanding.  Also, government should formulate and enforce anti-discrimination policies at tenant selection which will protect the right of individuals to rental housing, irrespective of their marital status. This will create a balance in the rental market and take away the mild differences in the selection criteria used for prospective tenants as if this is not worked upon, the mild difference will someday become wide.

Not with Your Husband (or Wife) You Don't! the Legality of No Spouse Rules in the Workplace

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Massengill
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Disparate Impact ◽  
The Right

Many employers have rules against the joint employment of spouses. These rules have been challenged on the basis that they constitute marital status discrimination. The basis of these challenges has usually been one of three types: a) an unconstitutional infringement on the right to marry, b) a violation of state prohibitions against marital status discrimination, or c) the rule creates unlawful disparate impact. While these challenges have met with mixed success, the greatest number of favorable rulings have occurred based on b) above.

scholarly journals ETHNICITY, MARITAL STATUS, AND NEIGHBORHOOD POVERTY INFLUENCE RESUSCITATION OF OUT-OF-HOSPITAL SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATHS

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1752
Author(s):  
Brian Simpson ◽  
Golsa Joodi ◽  
Kyaw Min Khant ◽  
Sarah Chen ◽  
Mariya Husain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Neighborhood Poverty

scholarly journals Combining Machine Learning with Bayesian Inverse Modelling to Estimate the Conditional Probability of Developing Oropharyngeal Cancer following an Oral Human Papilloma Virus Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerna Tewari ◽  
Eugene Kashdan ◽  
Cathal Walsh ◽  
Cara Martin ◽  
Andrew Parnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
White Males ◽  
Oral Hpv ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Despite an epidemic increase in the prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OPSCCs) in Northern America and parts of Europe, there is virtually no information about the natural history of these cancers. The lack of well–defined precursor lesions and limited data on oral HPV persistence and clearance rates, poses a challenge for disease modelling. We propose a novel mathematical modelling approach to estimate the conditional probability of developing HPV related OPSCCs following a prevalent HPV infection and other covariates. Methods We developed a double-Bayes method, whereby a Bayesian machine learning model first estimates the probability of an individual having an oral HPV infection, given OPSCC and other covariate information. The model is then inverted using Bayes’ theorem to reverse the probability relationship. The mathematical model was derived from two datasets representing the adult population in the United States (US), the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) Head and Neck with HPV Status Database and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Results The model dataset contains 8,623 subjects of which 70.7% had a prevalent oral HPV positive infection. When stratified by age, sex, marital status and race/ethnicity, the model estimated higher conditional probability for developing OPSCCs following an oral HPV infection in non-Hispanic White males and females compared to other race/ethnicities. Non-Hispanic White males with an oral HPV infection had nearly two fold higher risk of developing OPSCC than non-Hispanic White females (10.6 cases per 10,000 thousand vs 5.05 cases per 10,000) in the age range 50-60. Conclusion We have employed a novel statistical approach to estimate the conditional probability of developing OPSCCs following an oral HPV infection and covariates age, sex, ethnicity and marital status in the US population. We recognise that at best this is a first guess estimate of a natural history model of HPV driven OPSCCs within the existing limitations of the model.

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