EDIBLE VACCINES: AN ADVANCEMENT IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION

Vaccines represent a useful contribution to the field of biotechnology as they supply protection against various diseases. But, the major obstacle to oral vaccination is the digestion of macromolecule antigenic protein within the stomach due to extremely acidic pH. To address this issue, scientist Arntzen introduced the concept of edible vaccines. Edible vaccines are prepared by using the science of genetic engineering in which the selected genes are introduced into the plants by means of various methods. The transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein which acts as a vaccine. Owing to its low cost, it will be affordable for developing countries like India. Edible vaccines are used to treat various diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, stopping autoimmunity in type-1 diabetes, cholera, enterotoxicogenic E.coli (ETEC), HIV and anthrax. This review comprises mechanism of action, methods of development, candidate plants, applications, clinical trials and patents of edible vaccines.Keywords: Edible vaccines, Antigens, Oral immunization, Immunity.

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805-P: Barriers and Facilitators of Participation in Clinical Trials among Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Caregivers

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db19-805-p ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 805-P

Author(s):

SARAH C. WESTEN ◽

LINDSAY M. ANDERSON ◽

SAMANTHA A. BARRY ◽

SYDNEY LOOK ◽

STEFANIA PINTO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Young Adults ◽

Barriers And Facilitators ◽

Youth And Young Adults

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Stem cell therapies for Type 1 diabetes: current status and proposed road map to guide successful clinical trials

Diabetic Medicine ◽

10.1111/dme.13846 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 297-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. A. Senior ◽

J. H. Pettus

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Current Status ◽

Stem Cell Therapies ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Road Map

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First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-Executive summary

Xenotransplantation ◽

10.1111/xen.12231 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Bernhard J. Hering ◽

Emanuele Cozzi ◽

Thomas Spizzo ◽

Peter J. Cowan ◽

Gina R. Rayat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Consensus Statement ◽

Executive Summary ◽

Porcine Islet

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Qualitative study of barriers to clinical trial retention in adults with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022353 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. e022353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Catherine Henshall ◽

Parth Narendran ◽

Robert C Andrews ◽

Amanda Daley ◽

Keith A Stokes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Qualitative Methodology ◽

Cell Function ◽

Retention Rates ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Advance Study ◽

New Onset

ObjectivesRegular physical exercise may preserve β cell function in newly diagnosed adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, clinical trials to test this theory require the recruitment and retention of adults with new-onset T1D, which can be challenging. We sought to determine the overall experiences of newly diagnosed adults with T1D in an exercise study, to understand issues that influence the retention of trial participants in such studies.DesignQualitative methodology using individual face-to-face (n=6) and telephone interviews (n=14). Interview transcripts were thematically analysed using the framework method.SettingThe study took place at five participating UK hospitals.ParticipantsTwenty participants, aged 19–55 years, in the Exercise for Type 1 Diabetes study were interviewed to explore their study experiences and identify motivators and deterrents towards the study. Participants in control and intervention arms were interviewed, as were people with T1D who had completed (n=16) and withdrawn (n=4).ResultsParticipants revealed barriers and facilitators to retention; the majority were generalisable to clinical trials of people with newly diagnosed T1D. Coming to terms with a diagnosis of T1D, lack of time, work pressures, level of health professional support, volume, clarity and consistency of information and feedback and a desire for knowledge about their condition were all cited as influencing factors to trial retention.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study to examine the experience of being involved in an exercise trial by people with T1D. Findings suggest appointments could be shorter, available outside of working hours and planned longer in advance; study information should be clear, consistent and in electronic and paper formats; questionnaires need minimising; healthcare support and feedback needs providing regularly; thought is required around how to support non-exercising arm participants. These considerations may improve participant retention rates in new-onset T1D studies.

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