<p>Laboratory rearing studies on the larvae of benthic marine invertebrates are important in providing information on the development of marine species, particularly those with complex life history cycles. Intertidal gastropods of the genus Siphonaria have been well studied in aspects of their physiology, behaviour, ecology, and reproduction. However, to our current knowledge, there are no cases on the successful laboratory rearing, from hatching through to metamorphosis, of larvae within this genus. Siphonariids are a primitive family of basommatophoran limpets in which the majority produce encapsulated embryos that hatch into feeding, planktonic veliger larvae. For such larvae, the quality and quantity of phytoplankton food can strongly affect larval growth, survival, and the ability to settle and metamorphose successfully. The primary aim of this study was to identify the optimal algal feeding diet for culturing the larvae of Siphonaria australis to competence in laboratory conditions, with a focus on algal composition and quantity. Once having defined the preferred feeding conditions, a secondary aim was to successfully culture larvae through to metamorphosis, by identifying the required settlement cue(s). First, I exposed newly hatched larvae to diets of three different algal compositions (all at a high concentration of 20,000 cells/mL): two unialgal diets of Isochrysis galbana and Pavlova lutheri, and a mixed diet consisting of a 1:1 ratio of both species. The results revealed that, although they grew in all diets, S. australis larvae exhibited highest growth and survival when fed the unialgal I.galbana diet. In a second experiment, I exposed newly hatched larvae to three different food concentrations of the unialgal I. galbana diet; low (1,000 cells/mL), medium (10,000 cells/mL) and high (20,000 cells/mL). Larval growth and survival were highest when fed a high food concentration, with development and survival severely reduced in low food treatments. At the end of this experiment it was discovered that once larvae grew to ~350µm in length, at an age of approximately one month post-hatching, they began to demonstrate signs of competence and growth rates plateaued. Finally, I exposed newly hatched larvae to optimum feeding conditions in an attempt to achieve larval settlement using different potential cues. Once larvae began to show signs of competence, they were exposed to five settlement cues: (1) live adults in filtered seawater (FSW), (2) adult-conditioned FSW, (3) rocks in adult-conditioned FSW, (4) rocks in regular FSW, and (5) crustose coralline algae-covered rocks in FSW. Larvae only successfully metamorphosed (i.e. exhibited loss of the larval velum) in treatments containing live adults. In total, my results provide a successful method in culturing Siphonaria australis larvae in laboratory conditions, as well as determines the cue required to induce settlement and metamorphosis. Not only can this method aid in providing more information on the development of this species, but it may also be applied to other members in this genus as well, and further our knowledge on the overall biology of Siphonariid limpets.</p>
Growth and survival of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), fed with the probiotic PROBION-forte©, under laboratory conditions.
