Pengaruh Metode Kangguru terhadap Penurunan Suhu Tubuh, Frekuensi Menyusu dan Durasi Tidur Bayi

Immunizations sometimes have side effects once they are given to babies. DPT immunization is one that has a low-grade fever side effect and sometimes results in high fever and seizures. One of the efforts to treat fever in infants is the kangaroo method. Through this method, heat transfer occurs between mother and baby, increasing the frequency of breastfeeding which can meet the fluid needs of the feverish baby and facilitate the baby in increasing the duration of quiet sleep, less crying and less activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the kangaroo method on decreasing body temperature, feeding frequency and infant sleep duration. Sampling using Porbability Sampling with Simple Random Sampling technique, totaling 30 people and divided into 2 groups of 15 people each, namely the experimental and control groups. The results of the analysis are based on several assumptions of One way MANOVA, namely there is linearity between variables, the data is normally distributed, multicollinearity is not detected and the covariance matrix between groups is assumed to be the same as the Box'M value p = 0.006 > 0.001. The results of the multivariate test showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups with a value of F (3.26) = 49.334, p< 0.001; Wilk’s ʌ 0.149, ƞp2 = 0.851, then the univariate results showed that group differences caused significant differences in body temperature, feeding frequency and sleep duration with p < 0.001. The results of the bonferroni correction further test showed that the average decrease in body temperature, feeding frequency and duration of infant sleep in the experimental group was better than the control group with p < 0.001. This study proves that the kangaroo method has an effect on decreasing body temperature, breastfeeding frequency and infant sleep duration after DPT immunization.

Predation of archival tagged Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma, reveals predator avoidance behaviour and tracks feeding events by presumed beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, in the Beaufort Sea

Background We report compelling evidence suggesting a predation event of a pop-up satellite archival tagged anadromous Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) by a marine mammal during summer in the Beaufort Sea based on abrupt changes in temperature and vertical movements. This observation provides insight on predator avoidance behaviour by Dolly Varden and the predator’s feeding frequency while the tag was ingested. Based on published distribution and ecology information, we presumed the predator was a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Supplemental satellite telemetry data from previously tagged Dolly Varden and beluga whales were used to determine the extent of spatial and vertical overlap between species in the area where predation occurred. Results Prior to the predation event, depths and temperatures occupied by the tagged Dolly Varden averaged 1.1 m and 3.1 °C, respectively. On July 7, 2020, depths remained shallow apart from a sudden dive to 12.5 m (16:45 UTC) followed by a precipitous increase in temperature from 4.4 to 27.1 °C (16:52 UTC) suggesting predation by an endotherm. Subsequent readings indicated the endotherm had a resting stomach temperature of 36.1 °C. Including the predation event, eight separate feeding events were inferred during the 20-h period the tag was ingested (before presumed regurgitation) based on subsequent declines in stomach temperatures (mean decline to 31.1 °C) that took an average of 24.1 min to return to resting temperature. The predator occupied mainly shallow depths (mean = 2.3 m), overlapping with tagged belugas that spent 76.9% of their time occupying waters ≤ 2.5 m when frequenting the area occupied by tagged Dolly Varden in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in July. Back-calculation based on tag drift and mean displacement by tagged belugas indicated the predation likely occurred west of the Mackenzie Delta. Conclusion Our findings provide new information on both anti-predator behaviour by, and marine predators of, Dolly Varden in the Beaufort Sea. We provide the first estimate of feeding frequency and stomach temperature recovery in a presumed wild beluga, and evidence for shallow foraging behaviour by belugas. Elucidating the likely predator and exploring the extent of overlap between Dolly Varden and beluga whales contributes towards knowledge on the trophic interactions in the Beaufort Sea.

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MẬT ĐỘ VÀ TẦN SUẤT CHO ĂN ĐẾN HIỆU QUẢ ƯƠNG GIỐNG VÀ STRESS Ở CÁ LEO – Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Nhằm xác định ảnh hưởng của mật độ và tần suất cho ăn đến sinh trưởng và tỉ lệ sống cá Leo Wallago attu giai đoạn ương giống, thí nghiệm được tiến hành với 5 mức mật độ (1, 2, 4, 8 và 16 con/L) và các tần suất cho ăn (1, 2, 3, 4 và 5 lần/ngày). Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy mật độ ương và tần suất cho ăn đã ảnh hưởng có ý nghĩa thống kê đến tỉ lệ sống của cá thí nghiệm. Tỉ lệ sống của cá giảm ở mật độ ương nuôi cao (p<0,05). Tỉ lệ ăn thịt đồng loại giảm ở các nghiệm thức mật độ nuôi thấp. Tần suất cho cá ăn có tương quan thuận với tỉ lệ sống, tỉ lệ sống của cá tăng trên 50% khi tăng số lần cho ăn lên 3 – 5 ngày/lần. Tỉ lệ ăn thịt đồng loại của cá có mối tương quan nghịch với tần suất cho ăn. Nồng độ cortisol trong máu cá được xem như chỉ thị đối với mức độ stress của cá. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này cho thấy rằng nồng độ cortisol của cá Leo ở mật độ nuôi cao và tần suất cho ăn 1 và 2 lần/ngày cao hơn so với những nghiệm thức còn lại. Do vậy, mức độ stress của cá Leo có thể được xem như một trong những yếu tố chính dẫn đến hiện tượng ăn thịt lẫn nhau và làm giảm tỉ lệ sống đối với loài cá này ở giai đoạn giống. Những kết quả của nghiên cứu này có thể cung cấp thông tin hữu ích nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả của việc ương nuôi cá Leo giống thông qua quản lý mật độ nuôi và tần suất cho ăn. ABSTRACT In order to elucidate the effects of stocking density and feeding frequency on the growth and survival of Wallago attu, post-hatch larvae were stocked at different densities (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 individuals per liter) and fed with (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-times per day). The results indicate that stocking density and feeding frequency had significant influences on the survival rate of the larvae (p<0.05). In particular, the survival rate of larvae decreased at trials with high stocking density (p<0.05) due to the cannibalism. The percentage of cannibalism decreased in treatments with low stocking densities. Regarding effects of feeding frequency, the proportionality between the survival rate of larvae and high feeding frequency was observed in this study (p<0.05). The survival rate of larvae reached 50% when fish were fed 3 -5 times per day. The cannibalism had negative relationship with frequency of daily feeding. The cortisol concentration in fish blood is considered as an indicator of stress levels of fish. The results of this study indicated that cortisol concentration of W. attu reared at high stocking density and fed 1-2 times/day was higher than that in other treatments. Therefore, stress levels of W. attu could be one of the main factors causing cannibalism and reduction of survival rate at larval stages. This study provided useful information to enhance the effectiveness of larval rearing of W. attu via controlling stocking density and feeding frequency.

Periodic ethanol supply as a path towards unlimited lifespan of C.elegans dauer larvae

The dauer larva is a specialized stage of development optimized for survival under harsh conditions that has been used as a model for stress resistance, metabolic adaptations, and longevity. Recent findings suggest that the dauer larva of C.elegans may utilize external ethanol as an energy source to extend their lifespan. It was shown that while ethanol may serve as an effectively infinite source of energy, some toxic compounds accumulating as byproducts of its metabolism may lead to the damage of mitochondria and thus limit the lifespan of larvae. A minimal mathematical model was proposed to explain the connection between the lifespan of dauer larva and its ethanol metabolism. To explore theoretically if it is possible to extend even further the lifespan of dauer larvae, we incorporated two natural mechanisms describing the recovery of damaged mitochondria and elimination of toxic compounds, which were previously omitted in the model. Numerical simulations of the revised model suggest that while the ethanol concentration is constant, the lifespan still stays limited. However, if ethanol is supplied periodically, with a suitable frequency and amplitude, the dauer could survive as long as we observe the system. Analytical methods further help to explain how the feeding frequency and amplitude affect the lifespan extension. Based on comparison of the model with experimental data for fixed ethanol concentration, we propose the range of feeding protocols that could lead to even longer dauer survival and can be tested experimentally.

Once-daily feeding is associated with better cognitive function and health in companion dogs: Results from the Dog Aging Project

A variety of diets have been studied for possible anti-aging effects. In particular, studies of isocaloric time-restricted feeding in laboratory rodents have found evidence of beneficial health outcomes. Companion dogs represent a unique opportunity to study diet in a large mammal that shares human environments. The Dog Aging Project has been collecting data on thousands of companion dogs of all different ages, sizes, and breeds since 2019. We leveraged this diverse cross-sectional dataset to investigate associations between feeding frequency and cognitive function (n = 10,474) as well as nine broad categories of health outcomes (n = 24,238). Controlling for sex, age, breed, and other potential confounders, we found that dogs fed once daily rather than more frequently had lower mean scores on a cognitive dysfunction scale, and lower odds of having gastrointestinal, dental, orthopedic, kidney/urinary, and liver/pancreas disorders. Therefore, our findings suggest that once-a-day feeding in dogs is associated with improved health across multiple body systems.

PEMANFAATAN LARVA BLACKxSOLDIER FLY (HERMETIA ILLUCENS) SEBAGAI PEREDUKSI SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN VARIASI JENIS SAMPAH DAN FREKUENSI FEEDING

Sampah sudah menjadi persoalan serius bagi masyarakat. Produksi sampah di dunia semakin meningkat, sedangkan laju pengurangan sampah lebih kecil dari pada laju produksinya, hal ini menyebabkan sampah semakin menumpuk. Berbagai upaya pemanfaatan sampah organik dengan teknologi baru telah dilakukan, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis besar persentase kemampuan larva BSF dalam mereduksi sampah organik sayuran/buah-buahan dan lauk. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode percobaan skala laboratorium. Sampah organik yang digunakan sebagai sampel adalah sampah yang berasal dari sampah makanan khususnya sampah sayuran/buah-buahan dan lauk dengan frekuensi feeding sekali dalam 3 hari. Analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 2 kali replikasi (pengulangan) dan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Berdasarkan penelitian ini, persentase terbesar reduksi sampah oleh larva BSF sebesar 74% dan berdasarkan persentase yang diperoleh ditentukan bahwa variasi jenis sampah sayuran/buah-buahan dengan frekuensi feeding sekali dalam 3 hari lebih efektif untuk menghasilkan persentase reduksi sampah yang optimal. Kata kunci: frekuensi feeding, jenis sampah, larva BSF, reduksi sampah organik. Waste has become a serious problem for the community. Waste production in the world is increasing, while the rate of waste reduction is smaller than the rate of production, this causes waste to accumulate more. Various efforts to use organic waste with new technology have been carried out, one of which is by utilizing the larvae ofxBlack Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). The purpose of this study was to analyze the large percentage of BSF larvae' ability in reducing organic waste of vegetables/fruits and side dishes. This research was conducted by laboratory-scale experimental method. Organic waste used as a sample is garbage derived from food waste, especially vegetable / fruit waste and side dishes with feeding frequency once every 3 days. Data analysis used in this study is Complete RandomIzedxDesign (RAL) with 2 times replication (repetition) and the analysis method used is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on this study, the largest percentage of waste reduction by BSF larvae is 74% and based on the percentage obtained it is determined that variations in the type of vegetable/fruit waste with feeding frequency once in 3 days are more effective to produce an optimal percentage of waste reduction. Keyword: BSF larvae, feeding frequency, reduction of organic waste, types of waste.

FEEDING FREQUENCY AND DENSITY OF MICROALGAE PASTE (CHLORELLA VULGARIS) IN THE DIET OF DEKALB UNDER BATTERY CAGE SYSTEM

Poultry products are the major source of animal protein for most people throughout the world and egg production is the major index of performance of commercial layer business and the avenue in the potential increase ofincome from the enterprise which focuses onegg yield, weight of eggs, and increasing their quality production to enhance economic performance.Microalgae is certainly an interesting solution, it aims to increase its value as an animal feed additive in new commercial applications. The experimental research was used in this study to evaluate the laying performance and egg quality of DeKalb under two feeding regimen such as feeding density andfrequency of microalgae paste Chlorella vulgaris under battery type cage system. The experiment was conducted in acompletely randomized designwith a period of 30 days with 81 Dekalb of the same age. The experimental diet used were commercial feeds,microalgae paste and feeding frequencies of 4 times, 3 times and 2 times.Egg characteristics such as total number of eggs, egg weight (g), egg length (mm), egg width (mm) and shape index (%) were computed based on the data from feeding frequency and density. The costs of feeds and price of grown Dekalb and some material used were used in the computation of return on investment. Based on the result, the effect on the external quality of eggs fed under different feeding densities and frequencies on egg production, egg width, egg weight, egg length and shape index resulted to not significantthe null hypothesis was accepted. The internal quality, the effect of different feeding densities on albumen height, albumen weight and yolk width also statistically not significant. Supplementation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on hen diet can be included as a dietary supplement for laying hens up to 80% of the diet to produce quality eggs.