scholarly journals Water supply regulation in Nigeria: problems, challenges, solutions and benefits

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
Olajumoke Rukayat Balogun ◽  
Margarita M Redina
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Tropical Weather ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Alternative Water Supply

Even though Nigeria is recognized for her rich vegetation and tropical weather and blessed with surplus water resources, the country still faces challenges on getting clean water supply around the country and mostly depend on alternative water supply like well, borehole and river. These alternative water supply systems are not efficient and viable enough for water supply systems especially in a country with large population. The country is characterized by irregular water supply and water management laws are also weak and mostly not in conformity with today's standard and needs. Proper management and conservation of the water supply services and resource has not given adequate attention by the government. It is, therefore, important to identify such factor that inhibits the implementation of water regulations and proffer a solution to these. In a bid to provide an understanding of the effect of implementing and enforcing stringent water regulation and providing adequate water supply, we compare forecasted population with investment capital expenditure (CAPEX) for water supply by Millennium Development Goal (MDG+) targets. The result shows that in year to come, the country will significantly benefit from investing and providing regular water supply through employment availability and revenue generated through utility water bills, spending less on epidemic of water-borne diseases thereby improving the lives and health of its citizen.

Assessment of the potential contribution of alternative water supply systems in two contrasting locations: Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Jussah ◽  
Mohamed O. M. Orabi ◽  
Janez Sušnik ◽  
Françoise Bichai ◽  
Chris Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract Growing water demand poses a challenge for supply. Poor understanding of alternative sources can hamper plans for addressing water scarcity and supply resilience. The potential of three alternative supply systems in Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt are compared using a fast, data-light assessment approach. Lilongwe water supply is based on unsustainable use of source water, while Sharm depends primarily on desalination. Both locations experience shortages due to poor system performance and service inequity. Alternative supply systems are shown to potentially contribute to supply augmentation/diversification, improving service and system resilience. There are considerable seasonal variations to consider, especially regarding storage of water. Social preferences could limit the uptake/demand for alternative water. One important conclusion is the value in addressing public perceptions of alternative systems, and assessing water end use in order to site systems appropriately. Other issues surround financing, encouraging uptake and addressing institutional/governance aspects surrounding equitable distribution. A further consideration is whether demand reductions might yield shorter-term improvements in performance without the need to institute potentially expensive alternative water strategies. Reducing non-revenue water is a priority. Such measures should be undertaken with alternative supply enhancement to reduce inequity of supply, improve system performance and increase resilience to future changes.

scholarly journals Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Situation in Nepal: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Chitra Bahadur Budhathoki
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. Nepal has made its considerable efforts to improve the water supply and sanitation (WASH) situation in the country by formulating and enforcing a number of WASH policies, guidelines and acts for the last two decades. But WASH situation of Nepal has not been well documented so far. Aim of this article is to describe the situation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal by analyzing secondary data and information obtained from published and unpublished literature. About 97 of the total population have access to basics anitation facilities and 87 percent access to basic water supply facility. Sanitation coverage is95 percent in six Provinces and below 90 percent in Province no. 2 of Nepal. The momentum of sanitation coverage was accelerated immediately after internalization and implementation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan in 2011 and Nepal reaches at close to the elimination of open defecation. The gap between rich and poor in accessing to and using toilet facility has been narrowing down due to the nationwide sanitation campaigns. But there is disparity in accessing and using piped water between rich and poor. Only 25 percent of water supply systems are well functioning and 68 percent can supply water to water taps throughout year. One-fourth of the existing toilet facility across the country are poorly constructed that needs to be upgraded. The government should make consolidated and integrated efforts to reduce existing inequity in the WASH sector and enhance the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services.

Energy Embodiment of Water Supply: A Comparison between the US and China

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2175-2181
Author(s):  
Wei Wei Mo ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
Rong Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
The Us ◽  
Supply Systems

Under the rapid growth of world’s economy and population, the demand for water and energy has been increasing accordingly. Moreover, water and energy are interrelated and form a reinforcing feedback loop. Energy is used not only onsite of water supply systems, but also indirectly for producing materials used in the water systems. As a result, it is important to understand and evaluate the energy embodiment of water supply for sustainable water and energy management. This study uses the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment software to estimate and compare the embodied energy of one China water supply system (System A) and one US water supply system (System B). It has been found that System B in the US has comparable direct operational energy consumption with System A in China; however, System B consumes much more indirect energy and constructional energy than System A. Possible reasons for the higher indirect energy use in System B might be more administrative and engineering (maintenance and repairing) services involved, lower transportation efficiency, more self water usage within the system and higher labor rates. To satisfy the water demand for the large population, China’s water supply systems have to reduce direct energy consumption during the operation phase by conducting energy budget and adopting energy efficient technologies.

scholarly journals A Study on Potential of Rainwater Harvesting System in SJK Chung Hua No. 2, Kuching

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Brenda K.E. Law ◽  
Rosmina A. Bustami
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

This study focuses on rainwater harvesting system in a school area in Kuching, Sarawak. Over the years of development processes, there exists quite a number of environmental issues in Malaysia and this is getting serious day by day. Flooding, greenhouse effect, pollution, and global warming are some of the factors that are happening brought about by the rapid development in Malaysia and the whole world today. Presently, the water supply systems have improved but the demand is increasing due to the population growth, and development. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, rainwater harvesting has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions. This method can be used as an alternative water supply in the future and can reduce the utility bills for water supply among the consumers and potential to be implemented in Malaysia since it has high rainfall intensity. Besides, usage of the collected water volume from rainwater harvesting was direct and without any treatment. The process will include observation of the study area, rainfall data, and collections of data to determine the storage capacity required. From this study, rainwater can fully replace the treated water and the cost of the system is RM 16,699.60. The payback period of the system is 7.12 years with minimum maintenance fees.

“A Spirit of Bolshevism?”: Perth’s Water Crisis of the 1920s

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Jenny Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
State Government ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water History ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

The early 1920s were a pivotal period in Perth’s water history, marked by conflict over the inadequacies of the city’s water supply. Only a small area of the city had reticulated water; most people relied on wells or rainwater tanks. Water shortages, particularly in new suburbs and higher districts, prompted the Western Australian Government to impose water restrictions. The press, local government authorities, and opposition politicians took the government to task, and officials and householders protested at public meetings. This article analyzes the causes of water shortages, the level of protest, tensions over the governance of the water supply, and the response of the state government. As on America’s west coast in the same period, government decision making was often influenced by rural needs, but the role played by urban householders, with the support of the press and opposition politicians, was paramount in shaping new water supply systems for city dwellers.

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