Bulk deposition of base cations in a subalpine natural forest landscape estimated by canopy budget model: A focus on the forest edge canopy

Calculations of base cation inputs of loads in forest edge canopies are rare, although forest edge canopies play a paradoxical role in the effective capture of atmospheric deposition. Throughfall deposition and canopy exchange of base cations were studied with a continuous throughfall investigation under a natural forest edge and a closed canopy in a subalpine forest over a period of 2 years. Compared with precipitation, the concentration of base cations in the throughfall of both canopies was enriched as expected, but the enrichment level in the forest edge was less than that in the closed canopy. Moreover, the throughfall deposition of base cation fluxes in the closed canopy (35.19 kg ha-1 y-1) was slightly higher than that in the forest edge canopy (33.50 kg ha-1 y-1). Seasonally, the base cation input in the rainy season was 2.32–2.70 times higher than that in the snowy season in throughfall in forest edge canopy and the closed canopy. Furthermore, the canopy budget model suggested that the direction and magnitude of canopy exchange and dry deposition controlled the net throughfall fluxes (NTF) of base cations, and obvious differences could be observed between the canopy and seasonal scales. Compared with other elements, K and Mg leached from the main canopy exchange process, while Ca was absorbed by both canopy types in the annual NTF. These results highlight the spatial variability of base cation chemical characteristics, enhance cognitive the deposition of nutrients and regulatory factors in different forest landscapes, preferably guide the formulation forest ecological management strategies.

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Evaluation of deposition fluxes in two mountain Norway spruce stands with different densities using the extended Canopy Budget Model

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/39/2012-jfs ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 72-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Drápelová

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Base Cations ◽

Stand Density ◽

Mountain Forest ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Budget Model ◽

Canopy Exchange ◽

Spruce Stands ◽

Canopy Budget Model

The field study in a mountain forest at Bílý Kříž provides a comparison of element fluxes for two adjacent forest spruce stands of the same age (29 years in 2005) but with different stem densities. During five years (2001–2005), bulk and throughfall precipitation was sampled and analysed. Total deposition, dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes were evaluated on the basis of the Canopy Budget Model. Highly significant differences in base cations, dissolved organic carbon, SO42−, F−, and Cl− throughfall concentrations were found between the sparser and denser spruce stands.  Throughfall, dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes were also influenced by stand density. Annual throughfall fluxes of inorganic nitrogen were within 11.9–17.8 kg N·ha–1·yr–1 on the sparser plot and within 15.4–20.6 kg N·ha–1·yr–1 on the denser plot; annual throughfall fluxes of sulphur were within 15.3–20.3 kg S·ha–1·yr–1 on the sparser plot and within 20.7–27.7 kg S·ha–1·yr–1on the denser plot. The critical load for nitrogen (11.2 kg N·ha–1·yr–1) was exceeded on both plots in all evaluated years 2002–2005.  Total annual inorganic nitrogen deposition was higher by up to 37.5% (in 2002) on the denser plot than on the sparser one.

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Patterns of throughfall deposition along a transect in forest edges of silver birch and Corsican pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-181 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 449-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

K. Wuyts ◽

A. De Schrijver ◽

J. Staelens ◽

M. Gielis ◽

G. Geudens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Edge Effect ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Base Cations ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Edge Enhancement ◽

Edge Structure ◽

Edge Zone ◽

Prevailing Wind Direction ◽

Throughfall Deposition

In two adjacent forest stands in Flanders, one dominated by Corsican pine ( Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Maire) and another dominated by silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth), throughfall deposition was monitored along a transect perpendicular to the forest edge exposed to the prevailing wind direction. Throughfall deposition of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, NO3–, Cl–, and SO42– was examined on forest edge patterns expressed in the depth of influence of the edge effect (forest edge distance) and the level of enhancement at the edge (forest edge enhancement). In addition, an integrated forest edge enhancement factor was computed that incorporates these two parameters. Our results show that the edge effects on throughfall deposition of Na+, Cl–, the sum of so-called base cations, the sum of potentially acidifying ions, and the sum of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ + NO3–) are more pronounced in the pine stand. The edge zone of the pine stand receives as a result of the edge effect 9.4 times more extra potentially acidifying ions and 12.7 times more extra inorganic nitrogen than the birch stand. We conclude that an appropriate design or conversion of the edge structure, from high-density Corsican pine plantations into lower density deciduous forests, can reduce the input of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants in the forest edge.

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Calculating Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange with the Canopy Budget Model: Review of Assumptions and Application to Two Deciduous Forests

Water Air & Soil Pollution ◽

10.1007/s11270-008-9614-2 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 191 (1-4) ◽

pp. 149-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Jeroen Staelens ◽

Daniel Houle ◽

An De Schrijver ◽

Johan Neirynck ◽

Kris Verheyen

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Deciduous Forests ◽

Budget Model ◽

Canopy Exchange ◽

Model Review ◽

Canopy Budget Model

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Interactions of atmospheric deposition with a mixed hardwood and a coniferous forest canopy at the Lake Clair Watershed (Duchesnay, Quebec)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x99-212 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 1944-1957 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Daniel Houle ◽

Rock Ouimet ◽

Raynald Paquin ◽

Jean-Guy Laflamme

Keyword(s):

Forest Canopy ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Base Cations ◽

Growing Season ◽

Base Cation ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Water Volume ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Canopy Exchange ◽

Wet Precipitation

From 1989 to 1996, ion deposition in precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were measured under a deciduous and a coniferous stand, located in the Lake Clair Watershed, during the growing and the dormant seasons. During the growing season, throughfall deposition under both stands was significantly depleted in H+ and NH4+ compared with wet deposition, and a significant uptake of NO3- was observed under the coniferous canopy. Deposition of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, and SO42- was significantly higher in the throughfall than in the wet precipitation. During the growing season, the coniferous stand was more efficient in retaining nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-), while H+ was more intensively retained in the deciduous stand. Significant interactions between precipitation and forest canopies were also observed during the dormant season: throughfall depositions of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, and Cl- were significantly higher than wet precipitation under both canopies, while throughfall SO42- was significantly enriched only under the coniferous stand. Using a Na+ ratio method, foliar leaching was found mostly responsible for the throughfall enrichment on a full-year basis in both stands, with values averaging 61, 73, and 96% of the total throughfall fluxes for Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, respectively. Under both stands, net canopy exchange (NCE) of base cations, expressed on a monthly basis, were correlated to water volume and to H+ and SO42- deposition. Multiple regression models including wet SO42- deposition and an estimate of dry S deposition, explained up to 88% (Ca2+ in the coniferous stand) of the variance in base cation NCE under both stands.

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Current, steady-state and historical weathering rates of base cations at two forest sites in northern and southern Sweden: a comparison of three methods

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-17-281-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 281-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophie Casetou-Gustafson ◽

Harald Grip ◽

Stephen Hillier ◽

Sune Linder ◽

Bengt A. Olsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Base Cations ◽

Base Cation ◽

Mineral Weathering ◽

Soil Horizon ◽

Soil Horizons ◽

Weathering Rate ◽

Weathering Rates ◽

Forest Sites

Abstract. Reliable and accurate methods for estimating soil mineral weathering rates are required tools in evaluating the sustainability of increased harvesting of forest biomass and assessments of critical loads of acidity. A variety of methods that differ in concept, temporal and spatial scale, and data requirements are available for measuring weathering rates. In this study, causes of discrepancies in weathering rates between methods were analysed and were classified as being either conceptual (inevitable) or random. The release rates of base cations (BCs; Ca, Mg, K, Na) by weathering were estimated in podzolised glacial tills at two experimental forest sites, Asa and Flakaliden, in southern and northern Sweden, respectively. Three different methods were used: (i) historical weathering since deglaciation estimated by the depletion method, using Zr as the assumed inert reference; (ii) steady-state weathering rate estimated with the PROFILE model, based on quantitative analysis of soil mineralogy; and (iii) BC budget at stand scale, using measured deposition, leaching and changes in base cation stocks in biomass and soil over a period of 12 years. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon historical weathering of BCs was 10.6 and 34.1 mmolc m−2 yr−1, at Asa and Flakaliden, respectively. Corresponding values of PROFILE weathering rates were 37.1 and 42.7 mmolc m−2 yr−1. The PROFILE results indicated that steady-state weathering rate increased with soil depth as a function of exposed mineral surface area, reaching a maximum rate at 80 cm (Asa) and 60 cm (Flakaliden). In contrast, the depletion method indicated that the largest postglacial losses were in upper soil horizons, particularly at Flakaliden. With the exception of Mg and Ca in shallow soil horizons, PROFILE produced higher weathering rates than the depletion method, particularly of K and Na in deeper soil horizons. The lower weathering rates of the depletion method were partly explained by natural and anthropogenic variability in Zr gradients. The base cation budget approach produced significantly higher weathering rates of BCs, 134.6 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and 73.2 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Flakaliden, due to high rates estimated for the nutrient elements Ca, Mg and K, whereas weathering rates were lower and similar to those for the depletion method (6.6 and 2.2 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and Flakaliden). The large discrepancy in weathering rates for Ca, Mg and K between the base cation budget approach and the other methods suggests additional sources for tree uptake in the soil not captured by measurements.

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Riparian zone control on base cation concentration in boreal streams

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-10-3849-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 3849-3868 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

J. L. J. Ledesma ◽

T. Grabs ◽

M. N. Futter ◽

K. H. Bishop ◽

H. Laudon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stream Water ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Base Cations ◽

Base Cation ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Integration Model ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Zone Control ◽

Precipitation Regimes

Abstract. Riparian zones (RZ) are a major factor controlling water chemistry in forest streams. Base cations' (BC) concentrations, fluxes, and cycling in the RZ merit attention because a changing climate and increased forest harvesting could have negative consequences, including re-acidification, for boreal surface waters. We present a two-year study of BC and silica (Si) flow-weighted concentrations from 13 RZ and 14 streams in different landscape elements of a boreal catchment in northern Sweden. The spatial variation in BC and Si dynamics in both RZ and streams was explained by differences in landscape element type, with highest concentrations in silty sediments and lowest concentrations in peat-dominated wetland areas. Temporal stability in BC and Si concentrations in riparian soil water, remarkably stable Mg/Ca ratios, and homogeneous mineralogy suggest that patterns found in the RZ are a result of a distinct mineralogical upslope signal in groundwater. Stream water Mg/Ca ratios indicate that the signal is subsequently maintained in the streams. Flow-weighted concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Na in headwater streams were represented by the corresponding concentrations in the RZ, which were estimated using the Riparian Flow-Concentration Integration Model (RIM) approach. Stream and RZ flow-weighted concentrations differed for K and Si, suggesting a stronger biogeochemical influence on these elements, including K recirculation by vegetation and retention of Si within the RZ. Potential increases in groundwater levels linked to forest harvesting or changes in precipitation regimes would tend to reduce BC concentrations from RZ to streams, potentially leading to episodic acidification.

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Morphological and anatomical comparison of mericarps from different types of umbels of Heracleum sosnowskyi / Sosnovskio barščio skirtingų tipų žiedynų merikarpių morfologinės ir anatominės sandaros palyginamoji analizė

Botanica Lithuanica ◽

10.1515/botlit-2016-0017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 161-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sigita Jurkonienė ◽

Tautvydas Žalnierius ◽

Virgilija Gavelienė ◽

Danguolė Švegždienė ◽

Laurynas Šiliauskas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Natural Forest ◽

Sem Micrographs ◽

Complete Development ◽

Heracleum Sosnowskyi ◽

Morphometrical Analysis ◽

Different Types

Abstract Sosnowsky’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.) mericarps were collected from satellite and stem branch umbels for comparative anatomical investigation. Located near Vilnius city, the habitat of Heracleum sosnowskyi, formerly a natural forest edge has recently been densely occupied by plants of this species. SEM micrographs of abaxial and adaxial surfaces of mericarps obtained from satellite and stem branch umbels of H. sosnowskyi were similar, but morphometrical analysis revealed statistically significant differences in mericarps collected from satellite umbels, which were longer and wider than mericarps from stem branch umbels. The data on longitudinal sections of H. sosnowskyi mericarps clearly showed that embryos of satellite umbels were at later torpedo stage compared to embryos of stem branch umbels, which were at earlier heart stage. These data represent unequal development of the embryos in mericarps from different types of umbels. Such different development can be treated as an adaptation of the invasive plant to occupy the current habitat and survive in the seed bank by allowing the embryo to complete development within a seed and germinate when new conditions permit.

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Soil properties determine the elevational patterns of base cations and micronutrients in plant-soil system up to the upper limits of trees and shrubs

10.5194/bg-2017-298 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ruzhen Wang ◽

Xue Wang ◽

Yong Jiang ◽

Artemi Cerdà ◽

Jinfei Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Base Cations ◽

Base Cation ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Soil System ◽

Plant Soil ◽

Total Soil ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Trees And Shrubs

Abstract. To understand whether base cations and micronutrients in the plant-soil system change with elevation, we investigated the patterns of base cations and micronutrients in both soils and plant tissues along three elevational gradients and three different climate zones in China. Base cations of Ca, Mg and K and micronutrients of Fe, Mn and Zn were determined in soils, trees and shrubs growing at lower and middle elevations as well as at their upper limits on Balang (subtropical, SW China), Qilian (dry-temperate, NW China) and Changbai (wet-temperate, NE China) mountains. No consistent elevational patterns were found for base cation and micronutrient concentrations in both soils and plant tissues (leaves, roots, shoots and stem sapwood). Rather, soil pH, total soil nitrogen (TN), the soil organic carbon (SOC) to TN ratio (C:N), and total soil inorganic nitrogen (TIN) determined the elevational patterns of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg. Furthermore, multiple regression models showed that soil pH and C:N were pivotal factors affecting soil Fe, Mn and Zn availabilities. In return, soil base cation and micronutrient availabilities played fundamental roles in determining the base cation and micronutrient concentrations in plant tissues. Our results highlight the importance of soil physicochemical properties (mainly SOC, C:N and pH) rather than elevation (i.e., canopy cover and environmental factors, especially temperature), in determining base cation and micronutrient availabilities in soils and subsequently their concentrations in plant tissues.

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Cycling of acid and base cations in deciduous stands of Huntington Forest, New York, and Turkey Lakes, Ontario

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-022 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

N.W. Foster ◽

M.J. Mitchell ◽

I.K. Morrison ◽

J.P. Shepard

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Soil Acidity ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Base Cations ◽

Base Cation ◽

Native Soil ◽

Soil Solutions ◽

Acid And Base ◽

Turkey Lakes Watershed ◽

Dominant Cation

Annual nutrient fluxes within two forests exposed to acidic deposition were compared for a 1-year period. Calcium (Ca2+) was the dominant cation in throughfall and soil solutions from tolerant hardwood dominated Spodosols (Podzols) at both Huntington Forest (HF), New York, and the Turkey Lakes watershed (TLW), Ontario. There was a net annual export of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the TLW soil, whereas base cation inputs in precipitation equaled outputs at HF. In 1986, leaching losses of base cations were five times greater at TLW than at HF. A higher percentage of the base cation reserves was leached from the soil at TLW (5%) than at HF (1%). Relative to throughfall, aluminum concentrations increased in forest-floor and mineral-soil solutions, especially at HF. The TLW soil appears more sensitive to soil acidification. Deposited atmospheric acidity, however, was small in comparison with native soil acidity (total and exchangeable) and the reserves of base cations in each soil. Soil acidity and base saturation, therefore, are likely only to change slowly.

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Forest Canopy Can Efficiently Filter Trace Metals in Deposited Precipitation in a Subalpine Spruce Plantation

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10040318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 318 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siyi Tan ◽

Hairong Zhao ◽

Wanqin Yang ◽

Bo Tan ◽

Kai Yue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trace Metals ◽

Human Disturbance ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Subalpine Forest ◽

Forest Canopies ◽

Closed Canopy ◽

Filtering Efficiency ◽

One Year ◽

The One ◽

Filtering Effect

Trace metals can enter natural regions with low human disturbance through atmospheric circulation; however, little information is available regarding the filtering efficiency of trace metals by forest canopies. In this study, a representative subalpine spruce plantation was selected to investigate the net throughfall fluxes of eight trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Pb, Cd and Cr) under a closed canopy and gap-edge canopy from August 2015 to July 2016. Over the one-year observation, the annual fluxes of Al, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb in the deposited precipitation were 7.29 kg·ha−1, 2.30 kg·ha−1, 7.02 kg·ha−1, 0.16 kg·ha−1, 0.19 kg·ha−1, 0.06 kg·ha−1, 0.56 kg·ha−1 and 0.24 kg·ha−1, respectively. The annual net throughfall fluxes of these trace metals were −1.73 kg·ha−1, −0.90 kg·ha−1, −1.68 kg·ha−1, 0.03 kg·ha−1, −0.03 kg·ha−1, −0.02 kg·ha−1, −0.09 kg·ha−1 and −0.08 kg·ha−1, respectively, under the gap-edge canopy and 1.59 kg·ha−1, −1.13 kg·ha−1, −1.65 kg·ha−1, 0.10 kg·ha−1, −0.04 kg·ha−1, −0.03 kg·ha−1, −0.26 kg·ha−1 and −0.15 kg·ha−1, respectively, under the closed canopy. The closed canopy displayed a greater filtering effect of the trace metals from precipitation than the gap-edge canopy in this subalpine forest. In the rainy season, the net filtering ratio of trace metals ranged from −66.01% to 89.05% for the closed canopy and from −52.32% to 33.09% for the gap-edge canopy. In contrast, the net filtering ratio of all trace metals exceeded 50.00% for the closed canopy in the snowy season. The results suggest that most of the trace metals moving through the forest canopy are filtered by canopy in the subalpine forest.

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