scholarly journals The Influence of Empathy on Moral Judgments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1(J)) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Rojhat Avsar ◽  
Rami Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Opportunistic Behavior ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Social Attitude ◽  
Distributive Fairness

Empathy is expected to correlate with pro-social attitude   s, but what effect does empathy have on judgments of distributive fairness? In our study, we found that participants with higher empathy scores on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were more likely to: (a) favor the use of egalitarian distribution when the joint effort is involved, and (b) deem overly self-interested or opportunistic behavior unfair. Female participants were more consistent in the exercise of moral judgments across diverse scenarios. Furthermore, empathy has several dimensions (e.g., perspective-taking or empathetic concern) and we observed that they interacted with gender and the nature of the hypothetical problem differently in some cases. Although the findings of the study are not counterintuitive, it has identified some avenues for further explorations and highlighted some potential methodological shortcomings of the IRI as a measure of empathetic traits.

scholarly journals Religiosity and Psychotic Ideation in Stable Schizophrenia: A Role for Empathic Perspective-Taking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Rosó Duñó ◽  
Joan Carles Oliva ◽  
Adolf Tobeña ◽  
Diego Palao ◽  
Javier Labad
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between religiosity and different components of empathy was explored in schizophrenia patients. A total of 81 stable schizophrenia patients and 95 controls from the nearby community completed self-reported questionnaires assessing religiosity and empathy (through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI). Patients with schizophrenia showed higher religiousness than controls and they presented less perspective-taking and empathic concern but increased personal distress in IRI scores. Regression analyses unveiled an association between religiosity and perspective-taking in schizophrenics after adjusting for age, gender, and psychotic symptoms. In conclusion, religiosity in patients with schizophrenia may be linked to variations in perspective- taking as a component of empathy.

scholarly journals Bilingualism Enhances Reported Perspective Taking in Men, but Not in Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Tarighat ◽  
Andrea Krott
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Typical Result ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Males And Females

Bilingual speakers have often been found to be superior in taking the perspective of another person. Also, females are commonly found to have enhanced perspective taking (PT) abilities compared with males, with male PT being generally more easily affected by external factors. The present study investigated whether bilingualism improves PT in males more strongly than in females. In total, 108 bilingual and 108 matched monolingual adults, with equal numbers of males and females, filled in the PT subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity index. While monolinguals showed the typical result of females scoring higher on PT than males, scores of male and female bilinguals did not differ, with both bilingual groups scoring as high as female monolinguals. Thus, bilingualism enhanced self-reported PT only in males, suggesting that male PT can be enhanced through socialization.

Parents' Judgments and Students' Self-Judgments of Empathy

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cliffordson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index

Summary: A sample of 221 adolescents and their parents were asked to complete the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980 ), which is comprised of four subscales: empathic concern, perspective taking, fantasy, and personal distress; and a global-item measure containing four items, one for each subscale. The factorial structure that emerged in a previous study ( Cliffordson, 2000 ) involving the students was tested on ratings provided by their parents. The results from the IRI scale were also compared to results from the global-item measure. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the structure of empathy and the agreement of self/other judgments. The results support the conclusions from the previous study that the concept of empathy can be considered to be identical to empathic concern, which also explains a great deal of perspective taking and fantasy. The agreement between the students' and their parents' judgments was substantial, and there are several reasons to believe that the interjudge agreement obtained is accurate.

Item Response Model Investigation of the (German) Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathy Questionnaire

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Koller ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Partial Credit Model ◽  
Item Response Model ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Latent Construct ◽  
Psychometric Quality

Abstract. The interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) is a widely used personality questionnaire for measuring empathy. We investigated the psychometric properties of the German version using the partial credit model. If this model fits the data, the raw-scores are fair measures of the latent construct. Only in such a case, further analyses based on the raw-scores are accurate and valid. The results showed model fit only for the subscale empathic concern. The subscales perspective taking and fantasy consisted of two theoretically explainable sub-dimensions. For the subscale personal distress, no model fit could be achieved. Our study provides important information on the psychometric qualities of the IRI that has been repeatedly used to assess, for example, group differences. It demonstrates that these analyses were not warranted by the psychometric quality of the questionnaire. Our results provide direct suggestions (e.g., theoretically explainable sub-dimensions) for further developments of the IRI to overcome this limitation.

Assessing Empathy in Prisoners - A Shortened Version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lauterbach ◽  
Daniela Hosser
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Nonviolent Offenders ◽  
Verbal Skills ◽  
Differential Validity ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Male Prisoners

Davis’ Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was used to assess empathy in a sample of 839 male prisoners aged 15-28. Because recent studies have questioned the usability of the IRI with offenders, psychometric properties of the instrument were analyzed while taking intelligence and verbal skills into consideration as potential influencing factors. Results showed that offenders with a lower IQ and lower verbal skills had difficulties with negatively worded items. After negatively worded items had been eliminated, the component structure of the IRI was replicated. Reliabilities of the shortened version were sufficient and differential validity was found. The fantasy, perspective taking, and empathic concern subscales differentiated between violent and nonviolent offenders. Furthermore, in a logistic regression, the perspective taking subscale contributed significantly to the prediction of future violent offending within 24 months after release.

scholarly journals Metric Goodness and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Brief Version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index: A Study With Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Diotaiuti ◽  
Giuseppe Valente ◽  
Stefania Mancone ◽  
Angela Grambone ◽  
Andrea Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Probabilistic Sampling ◽  
Multidimensional Measure

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is a widely used multidimensional measure to assess empathy across four main dimensions: perspective taking (PT) empathic concern (EC) personal distress (PD) fantasy (F). This study aimed to replicate the Italian validation process of the shortened IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) scale in order to confirm its psychometric properties with a sample of young adults. The Gender Measurement Invariance of empathy in this age group was also an objective of the work in order to increase the data on this aspect. A total of 683 Italian university students participated in a non-probabilistic sampling. The 16-item version was confirmed in its four-factor structure but with changes to some items. The model showed good fits with both the CFA and the gender Measurement Invariance. The internal consistency measures were found to be fully satisfactory. Convergent validity was tested by the correlations with the Prosocialness Scale for Adults and The Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. As hypothesized the measure proved good convergent validity with Prosocialness, i.e., the willingness to assist, help, share, care and empathy with others, and a relevant inverse association with the External Oriented Thinking, characterizing individuals with emotionally poor thinking. This research provided additional evidence for a link between alexithymia and poor empathic abilities in young adults.

Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Péloquin ◽  
Marie-France Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index
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