scholarly journals Targeting Catecholamines to Develop New Drugs for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Sung-Cherl Jung ◽  
Chang-Hwan Cho ◽  
Hye-Ji Kim ◽  
Eun-A Ko ◽  
Min-Woo Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Hdac Inhibitors ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder, is high among children and adolescents. The pathogenesis of ADHD is mediated with genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Most therapeutic drugs for ADHD have so far targeted biological causes, primarily by regulating catecholaminergic neurotransmitters. However, ADHD drugs that are clinically treated have various problems in their addictiveness and drug stability; thus, it is recommended that efficacy and safety should be secured through simultaneous prescription of multiple drugs rather than a single drug treatment. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop drugs that newly target pathogenic mechanisms of ADHD. In this study, we attempt to confirm the possibility of developing new drugs by reviewing dopamine-related developmental mechanisms of neurons and their correlation with ADHD. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can regulate the concentration of intracellular dopamine in neurons by expressing vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and inducing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft, thereby promoting the development of neurons and signal transmission. This cellular modulation of HDACi is expected to treat ADHD by regulating endogenous catecholamines such as dopamine. Although studies are still in the preclinical stage, HDAC inhibitors clearly have potential as a therapeutic agent with low addictiveness and high efficacy for ADHD treatment.

Economic Burden and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minha Hong ◽  
Bomi Park ◽  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Geon Ho Bahn ◽  
Moon Jung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
The Republic

Objective: We investigated the economic burden and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Republic of Korea. Method: Using the National Health Insurance Service claims data for the population aged 19 years or younger, a prevalence-based approach was used to calculate the DALYs of ADHD. Direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs resulting from ADHD were estimated to calculate the economic burden of ADHD. Results: A total of 69,353 people in Korea were diagnosed with ADHD in 2012. The burden of ADHD as measured by the prevalence-based approach was 32,605 DALYs. The total economic burden of ADHD was US$47.55 million, which accounted for approximately 0.004% of Korean GDP (gross domestic product) in 2012. Conclusion: Our findings shed light on the considerable burden of ADHD, emphasizing the need for policies that can encourage ADHD treatment and enhance compliance.

Improving Treatment in Minority Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Alvarado ◽  
Vania Modesto-Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
African American ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Culturally Sensitive Care ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Parental Views ◽  
Adhd Treatment

Studies have shown that African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic children all have the same prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and respond similarly to treatment. However, the number of African American and Hispanic children actually diagnosed with ADHD is significantly lower than that of the Caucasian population. Consequently, the numbers of African American and Hispanic children receiving ADHD treatment is also low. This article investigates the barriers to diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in African American and Hispanic populations, which include financial limitations, differing parental views, and cultural norms. It then discusses potential solutions to help address those barriers with the hope of providing culturally sensitive care among African American and Hispanic communities.

scholarly journals Druggable genome in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its co-morbid conditions. New avenues for treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tor-Arne Hegvik ◽  
Kai Waløen ◽  
Sunil K. Pandey ◽  
Stephen V. Faraone ◽  
Jan Haavik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Gwa Studies ◽  
Druggable Genome ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with only symptomatic care available. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies can provide a starting point in the search for novel drug targets and possibilities of drug repurposing. Here, we explored the druggable genome in ADHD by utilising GWA studies on ADHD and its co-morbid conditions. First, we explored whether the genes targeted by current ADHD drugs show association with the disorder and/or its co-morbidities. Second, we aimed to identify genes and pathways involved in the biological processes underlying ADHD that can be targeted by pharmacological agents. These ADHD-associated druggable genes and pathways were also examined in co-morbidities of ADHD, as commonalities in their aetiology and management may lead to novel pharmacological insights. Strikingly, none of the genes encoding targets of first-line pharmacotherapeutics for ADHD were significantly associated with the disorder, suggesting that FDA-approved ADHD drugs may act through different mechanisms than those underlying ADHD. In the examined druggable genome, three loci on chromosomes 1, 4 and 12 revealed significant association with ADHD and contained nine druggable genes, five of which encode established drug targets for malignancies, autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. To conclude, we present a framework to assess the druggable genome in a disorder, exemplified by ADHD. We highlight signal transduction and cell adhesion as potential novel avenues for ADHD treatment. Our findings add to knowledge on known ADHD drugs and present the exploration of druggable genome associated with ADHD, which may offer interventions at the aetiological level of the disorder.

Quality Assessment of Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disorders – A Feasibility Study Using the Example of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. e78-e84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ulusoy ◽  
Peter Borusiak ◽  
Karin Hameister ◽  
Max Geraedts
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Treatment Quality ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe question of a possible presence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is raised with increasing frequency in pediatric practice. There are guidelines and expert recommendations for diagnostic approaches. But there are no instruments available to evaluate the structural, process and outcome quality. In this pilot study, a set of quality indicators on the treatment quality of ADHD was analyzed in terms of their feasibility in tertiary referral centers.A set of 39 quality indicators (QI) on ADHD developed in advance in a multistage procedure was assessed at 9 tertiary referral centers, with a focus on process verifiability and feasibility. QI values were calculated as ratios for individual centers as well as across centers, followed by an explorative analysis to assess feasibility under due consideration of possible influencing factors.QI assessment is possible but highly complex and expensive in practice. Calculated QI values showed a high degree of heterogeneity between facilities as well as between institutions, which was mainly due to a lack of standardization in the documentation of required data.Basically, it is possible to assess the quality of ADHD treatment via QIs. The approach described here in assessing QIs may be also applied to other types of developmental disorders.

Guidelines and algorithms for the use of methylphenidate in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Greenhill ◽  
D. H. Beyer ◽  
J. Finkleson ◽  
D. Shaffer ◽  
J. Biederman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Good Safety Record ◽  
Initial Medication

Objective: To review published algorithms for guiding the use of methylphenidate (MPH) in the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Methods: A consensus roundtable of 12 experts was convened to review the evidence for the safety and efficacy of MPH in the treatment of ADHD, as well as the published algorithms and practice guidelines for using MPH. The experts reviewed the algorithms for practicality and acceptability by clinicians. Results: Algorithms that included MPH commonly selected it as the initial medication to be employed in the treatment of children with ADHD. Factors involved included its high efficacy, good safety record, and the ubiquitous nature of its appearance in the ADHD treatment literature. Conclusions: MPH should be considered as the first medication to be used in a treatment algorithm for children and adolescents with ADHD.

Evaluating internet information on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment: Parent and expert perspectives

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonso Montoya ◽  
Sergio Hernández ◽  
MontserratPamias Massana ◽  
Oscar Herreros ◽  
Marta Garcia-Giral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Internet Information
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