scholarly journals Verbal vs. visual coding in modified mental imagery map exploration task

Psihologija ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Cirovic ◽  
Suncica Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Exploration Task

We modified classical mental exploration task introducing verbal modality. Consequently, we could test robust effects from lexical processing in an attempt to understand whether the underlying mental representation is strictly propositional. In our three experiments, in addition to map modality (visual or verbal), lexical frequency, concreteness and visual frequency were also varied. The symbolic distance effect was replicated, regardless of map modality. Exploration of distances was regularly faster on pictorial maps. Effects of lexical frequency and concreteness were not significant for verbal maps. However, when visual frequency was introduced on pictorial maps both type of frequencies generated measurable effects. Our findings directly contradict the assumptions of propositional theories (1) subjects were faster in the visual modality, which would be difficult to explain if the perceptual code had to be transformed into propositional, (2) word frequency and concreteness did not contribute as would be expected if propositional code were a default.

Mental representation: What can pitch tell us about the distance effect?

Cortex ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
R KADOSH ◽  
W BRODSKY ◽  
M LEVIN ◽  
A HENIK
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Distance Effect

scholarly journals The Use of Kinetic Imagery by Children and Adults

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Linda J. Anooshian ◽  
Katryn Wilson ◽  
Alice A. D'Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Task Administration ◽  
Better Than

In this study, we examined developmental improvement in kinetic imagery skills as related to differences in the utilizability vs. evocability of those skills. Analyses were conducted on performance levels and response times for task trials in which participants were required to determine which of 3 larger blocks could be "made" by combining (through imagery) 2 smaller blocks. Adults performed better than did 9- or 11-year-olds, especially for trials that required mental representation of rotation as well as horizontal movement. Examination of the effects of 2 conditions of task administration indicated no developmental changes in the adjustment of methods of task solution to specific instructions. However, analyses of response times suggested that age differences in performance levels could be attributed to differences in the degree to which possibilities of ways in which blocks could be combined through mental imagery were exhaustively examined.

Dissecting the symbolic distance effect: Comparison and priming effects in numerical and nonnumerical orders

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Van Opstal ◽  
Wim Gevers ◽  
Wendy De Moor ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Distance Effect ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Symbolic Distance Effect ◽  
Symbolic Distance

scholarly journals Exploring the role of token frequency in phonological change: evidence from TH-Fronting in east-central Scotland

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNN CLARK ◽  
GRAEME TROUSDALE
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
East Central ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Phonological Change ◽  
The Relationship

Recent research on frequency effects in phonology suggests that word frequency is often a significant motivating factor in the spread of sound change through the lexicon. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the exact nature of the relationship between phonological change and word frequency. This article investigates the role of lexical frequency in the spread of the well-known sound change TH-Fronting in an under-researched dialect area in east-central Scotland. Using data from a corpus of conversations compiled over a two-year period by the first author, we explore how the process of TH-Fronting is complicated in this community by the existence of certain local variants which are lexically restricted, and we question to what extent the frequency patterns that are apparent in these data are consistent with generalisations made in the wider literature on the relationship between lexical frequency and phonological change.

An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Analysis of Semantic Congruity and Repetition Effects in Sentences

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireille Besson ◽  
Marta Kutas ◽  
Cyma Van Petten
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Repetition Effects ◽  
Semantic Congruity ◽  
Open Class

In two experiments, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and cued-recall performance measures were used to examine the consequences of semantic congruity and repetition on the processing of words in sentences. A set of sentences, half of which ended with words that rendered them semantically incongruous, was repeated either once (eg, Experiment 1) or twice (e.g., Experiment 2). After each block of sentences, subjects were given all of the sentences and asked to recall the missing final words. Repetition benefited the recall of both congruous and incongruous endings and reduced the amplitude and shortened the duration of the N400 component of the ERP more for (1) incongruous than congruous words, (2) open class than closed class words, and (3) low-frequency than high-frequency open class words. For incongruous sentence terminations, repetition increased the amplitude of a broad positive component subsequent to the N400. Assuming additive factors logic and a traditional view of the lexicon, our N400 results indicate that in addition to their singular effects, semantic congruiry, repetition, and word frequency converge to influence a common stage of lexical processing. Within a parallel distributed processing framework, our results argue for substantial temporal and spatial overlap in the activation of codes subserving word recognition so as to yield the observed interactions of repetition with semantic congruity, lexical class, and word frequency effects.

scholarly journals Symbolic distance: Unfamiliar versus familiar space

Psihologija ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radmila Stojanovic ◽  
Suncica Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Professional Orientation ◽  
Symbolic Distance Effect ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Male Subjects

The symbolic distance effect was investigated using both realistic distances and distances represented on the map. The influence of professional orientation and sex on mental visualization was measured. The results showed that an increase of distance leads to an increase in reaction time. The slope for realistic distances was steeper. Male subjects always had longer reaction times, although the effect differs for the two types of distances. Professional orientation did not play a role. The obtained relation between reaction time and distance is a confirmation of theories proposing that mental representations encompass structure and metric characteristics. The confirmed role of the effect of symbolic distance additionally supports Kosslyn?s theory: there is a linear relation between the time and distance.

scholarly journals The complex interactions of context availability, polysemy, word frequency, and orthographic variables during lexical processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1297-1313
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Rice ◽  
Natasha Tokowicz ◽  
Scott H. Fraundorf ◽  
Teljer L. Liburd
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Context Availability

Changing “EUROpe”

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Frederico Marques
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Problem Size ◽  
Psychological Literature ◽  
Price Comparison ◽  
Symbolic Distance Effect ◽  
Symbolic Distance

The present paper reviews some of the changes that the introduction of a new currency—the euro—will bring to our everyday behavior, from the point of view of the psychological literature on numerical cognition. Problems that can be foreseen converting and using the euro are reviewed, including changes in terms of language (i. e., money labels and its lexicosyntactic structure) and price comparison. Possible answers to some of these problems are presented, considering the numerical cognition literature and several widely reported effects (e. g., the problem size/difficulty effect, symbolic distance effect). New opportunities for research in this domain both within countries and across countries are also discussed.

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