scholarly journals Some Evidence on Selecting an Intermediate Target for Monetary Policy

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Davidson ◽  
R. W. Hafer
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Intermediate Target

scholarly journals The Deutsche Bundesbank's Concept of Monetary Policy, With Particular Reference to its Choice of Intermediate Variables in the Period 1972-1979

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Petrus Simons
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Money Stock ◽  
Intermediate Target ◽  
Loan Rate

<p>The maintenance of price stability is the Bundesbank's ultimate objective. The memory of two hyperinflations within a 30-year period has made the fight against inflation of paramount social and political importance. In the Bank's view inflation engenders uncertainties which may jeopardise capital investment on which the competitiveness of German industry as well as full employment and economic growth depends. The Bundesbank pursues this goal by setting the marginal cost of central bank money required by the banks to finance their expansion. Thus, both the liquidity of the banking system and the cost of borrowing are controlled. This does not necessarily mean that the banks' loan rate of interest is the Bundesbank's Intermediate target. In fact, the Bank does not have one single intermediate target. Since the Bank's views of the monetary sector are manifested in the form of an interlocking system of financial variables, the selection of an appropriate intermediate target depends on the actual economic situation. In this context, the money stock supply (M3) is seen by the Bundesbank as functionally related to bank lending and the accumulation of long-term funds at the banks (monetary capital formation). An increase in interest rates would reduce bank lending, stimulate monetary capital formation and hence reduce the money stock supply (M3). In addition, it would check the utilisation of the money stock supply. This is seen as important because once money has entered the system it may generate unacceptable expenditure flows. To control the growth of the money stock supply, the Bundesbank relies on monetary capital formation, because small stocks of public debt rule out large-scale open market operations. In the Bank's view monetary policy should aim at keeping the banks' loan rate of interest as closely as possible to the natural rate. Lags in this Wicksellian transmission process may arise if the banks have ample margins between their loan and deposit rates when a restrictive monetary policy is implemented. As deposit rates adjust sooner than loan rates to a change in market rates, this also blunts the immediate impact of a policy change. The Bundesbank favours flexible rates of exchange in order to safeguard the financial system against inflows of foreign capital. It would welcome an appreciation of the D-Mark as a contribution to price stability, even though it could result in a loss of employment and exports as it stimulates German business to invest abroad. Furthermore, the Bank aims at constraining the monetary disturbances arising from public sector deficits and collective wage bargaining by means of its annual monetary growth target. This should serve as a signal to non-banks, which they are supposed to internalise in their decision-making. During the review period, the effectiveness of these safeguards was small as witnessed by inflows of foreign capital, large public sector deficits and excessive wage settlements. Moreover, the Bundesbank has been confronted with the development of parallel markets, in particular the Eurocurrency markets, in which borrowers can avoid the effects of its constraints.</p>

scholarly journals Money Supply as the Target of the Central Bank

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-136
Author(s):  
Andrzej Jędruchniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Intermediate Target ◽  
The Third ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Shape Changes

Abstract The main purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the monetary policy strategy that is based on the adoption of money supply as an intermediate target. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of the theory of the Austrian school. The first part of the article presents an influence of the supply of money on changes of categories in economy according to mainstream theories of economics. The second part discusses the essence of the strategy of monetary policy using money supply as an intermediate target from the point of view of the main trend in economics. It is demonstrated that in order to use it, two elementary conditions must be met: the function of demand for money must be at least relatively stable and the central bank must practically shape changes in the money supply at the planned level. The third part is of key importance for the purpose of this article. It involves the criticism of Friedman’s principle, i.e. a constant increase in money supply as a monetary strategy. According to the Austrian theory, an increase in the quantity of money which is not financed by voluntary savings separates the time structure of production and consumption. Thus, after the period of prosperity there a collapse in production must take place. It is also pointed out that the crisis can be postponed only when the quantity of money increases at an ever faster rate.

scholarly journals The Deutsche Bundesbank's Concept of Monetary Policy, With Particular Reference to its Choice of Intermediate Variables in the Period 1972-1979

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Petrus Simons
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Money Stock ◽  
Intermediate Target ◽  
Loan Rate

<p>The maintenance of price stability is the Bundesbank's ultimate objective. The memory of two hyperinflations within a 30-year period has made the fight against inflation of paramount social and political importance. In the Bank's view inflation engenders uncertainties which may jeopardise capital investment on which the competitiveness of German industry as well as full employment and economic growth depends. The Bundesbank pursues this goal by setting the marginal cost of central bank money required by the banks to finance their expansion. Thus, both the liquidity of the banking system and the cost of borrowing are controlled. This does not necessarily mean that the banks' loan rate of interest is the Bundesbank's Intermediate target. In fact, the Bank does not have one single intermediate target. Since the Bank's views of the monetary sector are manifested in the form of an interlocking system of financial variables, the selection of an appropriate intermediate target depends on the actual economic situation. In this context, the money stock supply (M3) is seen by the Bundesbank as functionally related to bank lending and the accumulation of long-term funds at the banks (monetary capital formation). An increase in interest rates would reduce bank lending, stimulate monetary capital formation and hence reduce the money stock supply (M3). In addition, it would check the utilisation of the money stock supply. This is seen as important because once money has entered the system it may generate unacceptable expenditure flows. To control the growth of the money stock supply, the Bundesbank relies on monetary capital formation, because small stocks of public debt rule out large-scale open market operations. In the Bank's view monetary policy should aim at keeping the banks' loan rate of interest as closely as possible to the natural rate. Lags in this Wicksellian transmission process may arise if the banks have ample margins between their loan and deposit rates when a restrictive monetary policy is implemented. As deposit rates adjust sooner than loan rates to a change in market rates, this also blunts the immediate impact of a policy change. The Bundesbank favours flexible rates of exchange in order to safeguard the financial system against inflows of foreign capital. It would welcome an appreciation of the D-Mark as a contribution to price stability, even though it could result in a loss of employment and exports as it stimulates German business to invest abroad. Furthermore, the Bank aims at constraining the monetary disturbances arising from public sector deficits and collective wage bargaining by means of its annual monetary growth target. This should serve as a signal to non-banks, which they are supposed to internalise in their decision-making. During the review period, the effectiveness of these safeguards was small as witnessed by inflows of foreign capital, large public sector deficits and excessive wage settlements. Moreover, the Bundesbank has been confronted with the development of parallel markets, in particular the Eurocurrency markets, in which borrowers can avoid the effects of its constraints.</p>

scholarly journals REDUNDANCY OR MISMEASUREMENT? A REAPPRAISAL OF MONEY

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Number Theory ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Intermediate Target ◽  
Index Number Theory ◽  
Information Variable

The emerging consensus in monetary policy and business cycle analysis is that money aggregates are not useful as an intermediate target for monetary policy or as an information variable. The uselessness of money as an intermediate target is driven, at least in part, by empirical research that suggests that money demand is unstable. In addition, the informational quality of money has been called into question by empirical research that fails to identify a relationship between money growth and inflation, nominal income growth, and the output gap. Nevertheless, this research is potentially flawed by the use of simple sum money aggregates, which are not consistent with economic, aggregation, or index number theory. This paper therefore reexamines previous empirical evidence on money demand and the role of money as an information variable, using Divisia monetary aggregates. These aggregates have the advantage of being derived from microtheoretic foundations, as well as being consistent with aggregation and index number theory. The results of the reevaluation suggest that previous empirical work might be driven by mismeasurement.

scholarly journals MEKANISME PENGENDALIAN MONETER DENGAN INFLASI SEBAGAI SASARAN TUNGGAL

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-122
Author(s):  
Erwin Haryono ◽  
Wahyu Agung Nugroho ◽  
Wahyu Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Taylor Rule ◽  
Policy Rule ◽  
Policy Rules ◽  
Intermediate Target ◽  
Monetary Policy Rules

Sementara diskusi teoritis tentang mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter belum konklusif, studi ini menyarankan perumusan kebijakan moneter untuk mencapai sasaan tunggal inflasi berdasarkan transmisi suku bunga. Dalam hal ini, suku bunga jangka pendek berfungsi sebagai target operasional kebijakan moneter yang diharapkan dapat mempengaruhi agregat demand, untuk selanjutnya mempengaruhi pencapaian sasaran inflasi. Selain itu, perubahan suku bunga juga dapat melewati jalur nilai tukar dan ekspektasi masyarakat sebelum akhirnya mempengaruhi inflasi. Tidak seperti kerangka kebijakan moneter melalui jalur agregat moneter, kerangka ini tidak secara eksplisit memasukan fungsi intermediate target. Sebagai penggantinya, beragam information variables berfungsi sebagai indikator tekanan inflasi.Sebagai acuan bagi kebijakan moneter, yaitu bagaimana suku bunga jangka pendek harus disesuaikan untuk mencapai sasaran inflasi, disarankan penggunaan monetary policy rules yang dikembangkan dari Taylor rule dengan melakukan beberapa penyesuaian. Untuk hal ini, diperlukan penelitian tersendiri dengan mengakomodasi karakteristik yang relevan untuk kasus Indonesia. Namun, dengan terdapatnya unsur ketidakpastian dalam mekanisme transmisi, penggunaan policy rule tersebut tidak dimaksudkan untuk digunakan secara kaku (strict). Dalam hal ini, masih tersedia ruang bagi kebijakan yang bersifat discretionary, yaitu dengan melakukan assesment atas informasi yang diperoleh dari berbagai information variables.

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