Market Structure, Product Differentiation, and Industrial Research

1967 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Comanor
1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Robert L. Beck ◽  
Ronald G. Alvis

Branding, as a means of product differentiation, is a practice of long standing in the food industry. Historically, food manufacturers have used brands as a means of gaining a larger share of the market while avoiding the consequences of direct price competition. Merchandising food, particularly dairy products, under private label brands, however, is a practice of more recent origin.Introduction of private label brands of dairy products can be traced to that period of the 1920s when private label brands of evaporated milk first appeared in some markets. This was followed by private label brands of butter in the 1930s and fluid milk and ice cream during the 1950s.


2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Conrad

Abstract The objective of our approach is to develop a model that captures horizontal product differentiation under environmental awareness with price competition whereby environmentally friendly products are costlier to produce. As an example, we refer to automobile producers offering cars with a gasoline-powered engine and one with a natural gas-powered engine. The network of petrol stations provides the complementary good. We use a two-stage game in prices and characteristics to analyse the market structure. In order to find out whether a private decision on the type of engine coincides with a socially optimal product differentiation, we determine the position of the two types of engine by a welfaremaximizing authority.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Samahita

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) in competition which explains its entry and limited spread in the market. Sellers choose their pricing schemes sequentially while consumers share their surplus. The profitability and popularity of PWYW depend not only on consumers’ preferences, but also on market structure, product characteristics and sellers’ strategies. While there is no PWYW equilibrium, given a sufficiently high level of surplus-sharing and product differentiation, PWYW is chosen by later entrants to avoid Bertrand competition. The equilibrium results and their market characteristics are consistent with empirical examples of PWYW.


FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenóbio Abel Gouvêa Perelli da Gama e Silva ◽  
Ívina Zuleide Gonçalves de Sousa

Este artigo objetiva gerar informações econômicas sobre o mercado madeireiro varejista de Rio Branco (AC), no período 2005-6. Com dados levantados nas 27 revendas locais de madeira, fez-se uma análise estrutural, enfocando a estrutura e conduta desse mercado. Na estrutura, abordaram-se, nesse mercado, os graus de concentração e de diferenciação dos produtos, e na conduta, avaliaram-se as políticas de preço e de promoção. Dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: (1) esse mercado era um oligopólio, altamente competitivo na venda de madeira; (2) todas as firmas ofereciam garantia da qualidade, pronta-entrega e frete grátis dos produtos; assim, tais serviços não diferenciavam a madeira comercializada nessas empresas; (3) a maioria dos depósitos estabelecia o preço de venda considerando custo de comercialização mais uma margem de lucro; (4) a lista telefônica era o principal meio de propaganda usado por essas firmas; (5) nesse mercado, adotava-se muito o desconto no preço à vista e a demonstração do produto aos compradores; e (6) difundir informações e distribuir brindes ou doações eram ações pouco ou mesmo não adotadas nesse mercado. Palavras-chave:  Madeira serrada; formação de mercado; estrutura de mercado; índices de concentração.   Abstract Structure and behavior of lumber retail market in Rio Branco, Acre-Brazil. This article aimed to generate information on the market of sawtimber, at retail level, in Rio Branco-AC, during 2005-2006 period. Using data from 27 lumber retailers, it was carried out a structural analysis, focusing structure and conduct of this market. In structure terms, they were approached concentration and product differentiation degrees, and in conduct they were evaluated policies related to pricing and promotion played in this market. The results obtained made it possible the following conclusions: (1) The market surveyed was oligopoly, highly competitive in the sale of its product; (2) All enterprises provided guarantee of quality, prompt delivery and free freight of their commodity for their consumers, so, these services did not differentiate the product sold by these firms; (3) Most of the enterprises establish the price of their commodity taking into account the commercialization costs plus a profit margin; (4) The telephonic list was the propaganda media more used by the analyzed firms; (5) Offering discounts for sale in cash and demonstration of products for their clients are procedures very adopted in this market and (6) Distribution of gifts, donations and to make public information about their lumber were action played by a few number or even by no one of local timber retailers.Keywords: Sawtimber; market formation; market structure; concentration index.


Author(s):  
Xavier Vives

This chapter presents the core analysis of competition in the banking sector based on the industrial organization (IO) approach. It examines both theoretical and empirical aspects as well as at the special problems in analyzing the sector. This includes studying pricing, product differentiation, frictions, network externalities and two-sided markets, market structure, and mergers. The validity of the Structure–Conduct–Performance paradigm for banking is tested and the contributions of the new empirical IO is explained. The effects of asymmetric information and deregulation are also discussed. The chapter concludes with an assessment of behavioral biases of consumers and investors, along with their effects on the strategies of banks, competition, and welfare.


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