scholarly journals Pay-What-You-Want in Competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Samahita
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Bertrand Competition ◽  
Product Characteristics ◽  
Surplus Sharing ◽  
Pay What You Want ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pricing Schemes

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) in competition which explains its entry and limited spread in the market. Sellers choose their pricing schemes sequentially while consumers share their surplus. The profitability and popularity of PWYW depend not only on consumers’ preferences, but also on market structure, product characteristics and sellers’ strategies. While there is no PWYW equilibrium, given a sufficiently high level of surplus-sharing and product differentiation, PWYW is chosen by later entrants to avoid Bertrand competition. The equilibrium results and their market characteristics are consistent with empirical examples of PWYW.

scholarly journals Expectations for Carbon Pricing in Japan in the Global Climate Policy Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kojima ◽  
Kenji Asakawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Carbon Prices

Abstract Realizing a decarbonized society in consistent with the Paris Agreement, a fundamental transformation of the entire economic and social system is needed, and not only carbon intensive sectors but also all sectors and all stakeholders including households must be decarbonized. This chapter demonstrates increasing expectations for carbon pricing in Japan in this global policy context. After the review of the global trend of carbon pricing, historical progress of carbon pricing in Japan and the existing nation-wide carbon tax, i.e. the Global Warming Countermeasure Tax, is explained. There are also two sub-national carbon pricing schemes in Japan, Tokyo ETS and Saitama ETS, which are explained in Chaps. 10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_6 and 10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_7 respectively, and not focused in this chapter. We examine the claim that Japan has already implemented high level carbon pricing in terms of various forms of energy taxes. Based on the effective carbon rate which is defined by OECD as the sum of explicit carbon prices and fossil fuel taxes per carbon emission, the nationwide average effective carbon rate of Japan is lower than the average effective carbon rates of OECD countries and its key partner countries. The current carbon pricing schemes in Japan are too modest to realize decarbonization transition and there is a room to upgrade them to exploit full potential of carbon pricing. This chapter discusses adequate levels of carbon prices in compatible with decarbonization transition.

scholarly journals MARKET COMPETITION AT THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS DISTRIBUTION

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (391) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
N. A. Gerasymchuk ◽  
L.M. Stepasyuk ◽  
Z.M. Titenko ◽  
I.M. Yermolenko
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

The article proved that in the context of European integration, the intensification of competition between producers becomes a major factor of the consolidation and unification of various economic entities, because this is one of the main ways to increase competitiveness, which in turn leads to market concentration. The investigation of the market structure, its type, and hence the economic processes occurring in it, is directly related to determining the state of the competitive environment, its assessment and study of the possibilities of restricting or developing competition. The article reveals the basic principles of development of agricultural enterprises, highlights the problems and prospects of their development in a competitive environment. The importance of concentration indicators in the context of the relationship between monopoly power and the level of concentration of sellers in the market is substantiated. Methodological aspects of using the market concentration index and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index are analysed; their advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of use in the process of market structure research, its type, state of competitive environment and degree of monopolization are revealed. In the process of research the concentration of agricultural markets, it was found that there was a moderate level in almost all types of products in Ukraine, only the pork market is highly concentrated. Analysis of the competitiveness of agricultural products shows that a significant market share is occupied by crops such as sunflower and corn. Studies show that there are certain types of products that have a high level of profitability, including rapeseed and barley, but they occupy a small market share. It is established that to ensure competitive production of agricultural products requires state support of the industry through the provision of tax and credit benefits to enterprises that implement modern business methods. Further prospects for the development of the agricultural sector in Ukraine have been identified.

scholarly journals Economies of Combination Innovation from Group Operation in Petrochemical Complex

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Kazuya Inaba
Keyword(s):  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Group Operation ◽  
Petrochemical Complex ◽  
Social Interests ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
High Level

The circumstances in the oil and petrochemical industry recently have been severe. Under such a severe competitive situation, oil and petrochemical companies come up with the idea of business cooperation in the same region in order to acquire global competitiveness. In this paper, the approach and ways of the high-level integration for group operation in petrochemical complex are analyzed. The author explains the case in business cooperation, and introduces the advanced projects in Japan. And economies arising from group operation are considered. Cooperation with some businesses would be effective for energy conservation and environmental measures, and would advance to pursue some social interests. The paper proposes that economies in group operation have made possible simultaneous implementation o f two strategies, Cost Leadership and Product Differentiation.

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