The Newly Industrializing Countries in the International System

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International System ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Newly Industrializing Countries ◽  
Policy Choices

Explanations of the growth of the newly industrializing countries (NICs) by neoclassical economists and dependency theorists neglect the role of politics in shaping development strategies. Different social configurations, state structures, and ideas about development help explain the divergent policy choices made by the export-oriented East Asian NICs—Korea and Taiwan—and the more “inward-looking” countries of Latin America, particularly Mexico and Brazil. These different strategic choices, in turn, account for variations in the patterns of external “dependency” that characterize countries in the two regions.

Politics and Inequality in Latin America

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
International System ◽  
State Action ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Latin American Countries

Our symposium offers a variety of perspectives, such as on self-perpetuation of inequality in the international system, or on the consequences of inequality for economic growth or for social and political conflicts. This contribution discusses the determinants of domestic policy choices that affect inequality and the consequences of these policy choices. The empirical focus is on Latin American countries, which collectively are characterized by the highest regional levels of inequality in the world, but individually show considerable variation. Different analyses have emphasized different causes of income inequality and of the variation in inequality, such as historical structural roots in land distribution and natural-resource endowments, geography, ethnic divisions, the economic context, demographics, and state action or lack thereof. The role of the state has not received much systematic attention until rather recently, though, despite its essential role in the allocation of resources.

scholarly journals Venezuela and its Neighbors: The Discursive Struggle for Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (57) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
José Oviedo Pérez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Deep Recession

Over the past decade, Venezuela has entered into a deep recession, which has resulted in millions migrating abroad. In February of 2019, the United States and its allies recognized the interim government of Juan Guaidó, creating a standoff with the Chavista government of Nicolás Maduro. This article conducts a nuanced analysis of the situation in Venezuela across multiple levels as it problematizes our ontological understanding of individuals, states, and international system. Through a post-structuralist approach to security, I argue that individuals have been portrayed in contradictory humanitarian discourses as a means of advancing particular political interests. Furthermore, I critically analyze the role of space, time, and multilateralism, and their subsequent effects for 21stcentury global order.

The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy

1995 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 1132-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean C. Oi
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Transitional Economy ◽  
Newly Industrializing Countries ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Secure Environment ◽  
Laissez Faire

All states have a role in development, but this varies widely. The spectrum is defined at one end by the laissez faire minimalist state whose role is limited to ensuring a stable and secure environment so that contracts, property rights and other institutions of the market can be honoured. At the opposite end are the centrally planned Leninist states that directly replace the market with bureaucratic allocation and planning. Between these two extremes are the capitalist developmental states of Japan and the East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) that are neither Communist nor laissez faire, but exhibit characteristics of both. The state plays an activist, rather than a minimalist, role; there is planning, but it is geared toward creating maximum competitive and comparative advantage for manufacturers within a market economy.

Limits of State Strength: Toward an Institutionalist View of Economic Development

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Doner
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Development Process ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Newly Industrializing Countries ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
State Strength ◽  
Collective Action Problems

Analyses of economic growth have drawn on the experiences of the East Asian newly industrializing countries to highlight the contribution of cohesive and autonomous states in the resolution of market failures. Within an explicit collective action and public goods framework, this article argues for an institutionalist approach to development that incorporates, but also goes beyond, statism. Through an examination of auto manufacturing in five countries in Southeast and Northeast Asia, the article identifies specific collective action problems central to the development process, and it explores limits to the capacities of even strong states to resolve such problems. The article stresses the role of private sectors and joint publicprivate sector institutions, identifies systematic differences within and among local entrepreneurs with regard to development issues, emphasizes the need for research on factors influencing the supply of institutions; and argues for an approach to development that emphasizes cooperation among domestic interests rather than domination.

Neoliberalism Revised? A Critical Account of World Bank Conceptions of Good Governance and Market Friendly Intervention

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Kiely
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Newly Industrializing Countries ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
Sub Saharan

This article examines recent World Bank reports on the role of the state in the development process, with particular reference to the rise of the East Asian newly industrializing countries and the crisis of “governance” in sub-Saharan Africa. The concepts of market friendly intervention and good governance are critically discussed, and are found to be inadequate as explanations for East Asian “success” and African “failure.” The author presents an alternative explanation for the rise of the newly industrializing countries, which draws out some of the implications for the developing world.

Part V Subject Matter, Ch.28 Transboundary Air Pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okowa Phoebe
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Global North

This chapter investigates the causes of transboundary air pollution. Much of the experience and knowledge comes from the context of the global North, with far less known about problems of transboundary air pollution across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The chapter then discusses the role of customary law rules in the field before turning to a discussion of the main treaty regimes addressing transboundary air pollution in Europe and North America, as well as the more recent 2002 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Transboundary Haze Pollution Agreement. As yet, there is no global treaty addressing air pollution and this seems unlikely to emerge. The chapter concludes that further regulation will likely come through regional efforts, as well as intersection with the climate regime.

Differences in East Asian Self-Gifting and Role of Independence Within Interdependent Cultures

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoko Suzuki ◽  
Kosuke Takemura ◽  
Takeshi Hamamura
Keyword(s):  
East Asian
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