Diagnostic Morphology of Four Larval Ascaridoid Nematodes That May Cause Visceral Larva Migrans: Toxascaris leonina, Baylisascaris procyonis, Lagochilascaris sprenti, and Hexametra leidyi

VLM is a zoonotic disease caused by the migration of third-stage larvae of nematodes through the tissue of human viscera. Among various etiological agents such as Baylisascaris procyonis, Capillaria hepatica, Ascaris sum, and some Ancylostoma species, Toxocara is a major cause of VLM. Poor hygiene, contact with dogs and geophagia increases the risk of toxocariasis.Young adults and children who are in close contact with animals are at a higher risk. Here we present a case of 7 years male child presenting with fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. The clinical presentation, biochemical and radiological findings supported the diagnosis of VLM which was corroborated in the cytological examination. Here we report a rarest encounter of VLM in the cytology smear.

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Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice

The Korean Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 583-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shin Ae Kang ◽

Mi-Kyung Park ◽

Min Kyoung Cho ◽

Hak Sun Yu

Keyword(s):

Cytokine Production ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans ◽

Toxascaris Leonina

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Cutaneous and Visceral Larva Migrans Due to Gnathostoma doloresi Infection via an Unusual Route

Archives of Dermatology ◽

10.1001/archderm.134.5.638 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 134 (5) ◽

pp. 638-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Kurokawa

Keyword(s):

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans

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An outbreak of visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum in Kyushu, Japan

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90844-2 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 347 (9017) ◽

pp. 1766-1767 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Haruhiko Maruyama ◽

Yukifumi Nawa ◽

Shinichi Noda ◽

Tatsuyuki Mimori ◽

Won-Young Choi

Keyword(s):

Ascaris Suum ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans

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Cross-reactivity between Anisakis simplex sensitization and visceral larva migrans by Toxocara canis

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00201-8 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M.J. Perteguer ◽

C. Cuéllar ◽

J.L. Guillén ◽

C. Águila ◽

S. Fenoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxocara Canis ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Anisakis Simplex ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans

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Environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. Eggs in a rural settlement in Brazil

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652008000500006 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 279-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Vamilton Alvares Santarém ◽

Elisabeth da Cunha Franco ◽

Fernanda Torres Kozuki ◽

Danila Fini ◽

Luiz Euribel Prestes-Carneiro

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Rural Community ◽

Environmental Contamination ◽

Human Population ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans ◽

Paulo State ◽

The Poor ◽

Flotation Technique

In order to study the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs in a rural community from the Pontal do Paranapanema region, São Paulo State, Brazil, soil samples from 31 out of 121 plots were collected in eight different places on each house. The samples were submitted to flotation technique in sodium nitrate (d = 1.20g/cm³). Eggs of Toxocara spp. were recovered in nine (29.03%) out of the 31 plots. At least one dog was registered in 27 of the 31 plots examined (87.1%) and at least one cat in 17 (54.84%). The number of pets per plot ranged from one to six (mean of 2.3) for dogs and one to 14 (mean of 1.29) for cats. In 16 plots (51.61%), the presence of both dogs and cats was observed. There was no relation between the presence of pets in the plots and soil contamination (p > 0.05). However, the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs associated to the poor conditions of the inhabitants may be an important risk factor for the human population to ocular or visceral larva migrans.

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Toxocara Canis infestation with encephalitis

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s0317167100019661 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 114-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Nadia Z. Mikhael ◽

Vital J.A. Montpetit ◽

Manuel Orizaga ◽

Harry C. Rowsell ◽

Michael T. Richard

Keyword(s):

Present Report ◽

English Literature ◽

Toxocara Canis ◽

Larva Migrans ◽

Visceral Larva Migrans ◽

Nematode Larvae ◽

Granulomatous Lesions ◽

Cerebral Involvement ◽

Histological Verification

SUMMARYThe syndrome “visceral larva migrans” produced by migration of nematode larvae (commonly Toxocara species) in the extraintestinal tissues in unusual hosts, including man (particularly children of dirt eating age), with the production of reactive granulomatous lesions, was first described in 1952. About 200 cases have been reported since. Well documented cases are rare due to the difficulty in histological verification. Three cases have been reported in Canada but these were not verified. We believe the present report is the first verified case of visceral larva migrans in Canada and the fifth case of human cerebral involvement by Toxocara in the English literature. It is hoped that this report will emphasize the need for further research into the role of host versus parasite and will underline the potential danger, albeit remote, of household pets to children. Indeed, prevention is the only line of attack, as there is no effective drug against the migrating larvae of Toxocara.

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