Effect of therapeutic and prophylactic complex DLK (Dironet, Lactobifadol, Forage Keratin) on the intestinal microbiocenosis of the Blue Frost fox at toxascariosis

The purpose of the research is determining the effect of the therapeutic and prophylactic complex of Dironet, Lactobifadol and fodder Keratin (DLK) on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora affected by toxascariosis in the Blue Frost fox.Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the Fur Breeding Farm “Vyatka”, Slobodskoy District, the Kirov Region. The study objects were 24 female Blue Frost foxes culled from the breeding herd. To determine the quality of the skins obtained from the experimental animals, we sorted flint-dried skins.Results and discussion. After the introduction of the therapeutic and preventive complex DLK into the diet of sick animals, the positive dynamics was observed in the quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microorganisms. In animals of the experimental groups that were administered DLK, the number of bifidus bacteria, lactic bacteria and fecal enterococci increased; there was a significant decrease or complete absence of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, fusobacteria, streptococci, clostridia, typical lactose-negative and hemolytic Escherichia, aureus and saprophytic staphylococcus, common Proteus and fungi of the Candida genus. In animals infected by Toxascaris leonina that did not receive the complex therapy, a decrease in lactic acid bacteria and an increase in the content of pathogenic and commensal microorganisms were noted. Under the output of the fur production, the infected animals showed the lowest percentage of skins in terms of quality of 7.16%, which was 0.38% less in comparison with healthy foxes, and 0.51% less in comparison with treated Blue Frost foxes.

Intestinal helminths of dogs in Samarkand and the Samarkand region and their epidemiological significance.

Aims: To study the intestinal helminth fauna of domestic and neglected dogs living in the city of Samarkand and adjacent areas of the Samarkand region and to assess their epidemiological significance. Materials and methods: 112 dogs of different ages from Samarkand and the surrounding area were examined. 45 animals were examined by the method of incomplete helminthological autopsy; diagnostic deworming was performed in 12 priotarny dogs; in 55 dogs, feces were examined once by the Fulleborn method. Results: In the examined dogs, 4 types of cestodes and 4 types of nematodes were found in the intestines. The most common type was dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum). The extent of invasion (EI) is 73.7%, the intensity of invasion (AI) is 5-56 copies. Taenia hydatigena tapeworm was detected during preventive deworming in 5 animals out of 12 (41.7%), and at autopsy in 18 dogs out of 45 (40%), AI 1-4 copies. The tapeworm of Echinicoccus granulosus was found in the autopsy of one dog out of 45 (EI-4.4%, AI-more than 350 copies). Mesocestoides lineatus cestodes were observed in the autopsy of 3 dogs (EI-6.7%, AI-1-2 copies). Trichuris (=Trichocephalus) vulpis lived in the caecum of 20 dissected animals (EI-88%, AI-5-23 copies). During coproscopy of feces of 55 dogs, whipworm eggs were found in 25 animals (45.5%). Males and females of Toxocara canis were found in the intestines during autopsy of 5 animals (EI -22%, AI-2-4 copies). Eggs Toxocara coproscopy found in the feces of dogs 9 out of 55 (16.4 percent). The EI of the nematode Toxascaris leonina averaged 14.0%. AI 1-3 copies. The nematode Pterygodermatites (=Rictularia) affinis was found in the singular (male) in the duodenum of one dissected dog. Conclusions: In domestic and neglected dogs living in the territory of Samarkand and the Samarkand region, it was possible to establish the presence of 8 species of intestinal helminths, of which three species are dangerous to humans and have important epidemiological significance: Echinicoccus granulosus, Dipylidium caninum and Toxocara canis.

Parasite fauna diversity in Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from natural and anthropized ecosystems of the Republic of Moldova

The study of the diversity of the parasite fauna in the investigated foxes showed a high level of infestation (100%). The taxonomy of parasitofauna in foxes includes 12 parasitic invasions (Isospora canis – 14,3%, Alaria alata – 51,0%, Mesocestoides lineatus – 21,7%, Taeniidae spp – 27,0%, Syphacia obvelata – 17,0%, Strongyloides stercoralis – 13,3%, Toxocara canis – 59,0%, Toxascaris leonina – 65,5%, Ancylostoma caninum – 8,7%, Trichuris vulpis – 26,1%, Trichuris muris – 4,4%, Capilaria hepatica – 35,0%), which belong to 5 classes, 10 families, 11 genera and about 12 species. The share of species from the Sporozoa class is 8.3%, from the Trematoda class - 8.3%, from the Cestoda class - 16.7%, from the Secernentea class - 41.7% and from the Adenophorea class - 25.0%. Analyzing the parasitic species on epidemiological criterion, it was found that 10 species (83.3%) with large spread have zoonotic impact (A. alata, M. lineatus, Taenia spp., S. obvelata, S. ratti, T. canis, T. leonina, A. caninum, C. hepatica, T. vulpis) with a major risk to public health, and the identified invasions (100%) can parasitize domestic animals, as well as game fauna.

Contamination of Soil and Vegetation with Developmental Forms of Parasites in the Area of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Background: According to the WHO (2019), more than 1.5 billion people worldwide are infected with soil-transmitted parasites. Previous research in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) was mainly conducted in the area of the Sarajevo Canton. Therefore, the aim of the research was to explore contamination of soil and vegetation with developmental forms of parasites in the other cantons of FB&H. Methods: Between Apr and Oct 2018, a total of 1,618 soil and vegetation samples were taken from 386 different locations in the 9 cantons of the FB&H. Results: Positive samples were observed, 65/66 (98.48%) municipalities/cities and on 239/386 (61.92%) locations. Out of 1,618 samples taken in total (1,263 soil samples and 355 vegetation samples), 357 (22.06%) were positive, out of which 337 (26.68%) and 20 (5.63%) were soil and plant samples, respectively. In total, the following adult and developmental forms were identified: Taeniidae eggs (7.30%), Toxocara spp. eggs (62.08%), Ancylostomatidae eggs (25.00%), Trichuris spp. eggs (9.55%), Capillaria spp. eggs (3.37%), Toxascaris leonina eggs (1.40%), Nematodes larvae (19.38%), Giardia duodenalis cysts (5.06%), Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (1.4%), oocysts and cysts of different species of Protozoa (3.93%). Conclusion: The identified developmental forms of parasites pose a permanent threat to human health. It is necessary to carry out measures to reduce the contamination of soil and vegetation in coordination with systematic solutions (legislation), paralelly with contribution of animal owners, veterinarians, physicians, ecologists, parents and all the others involved in this issue.

The Prevalence of Endoparasites in Slovakian Household Dogs and Cats

Pets play a pivotal role as definitive or reservoir hosts for many zoonotic parasites. Dogs and cats without any clinical signs may be a carrier for the infection. In a one-year-study, collected fecal samples of 257 dogs and 50 cats were examined coproscopically for the endoparasite infections. Out of 307 investigated fecal samples 107 (34.9%) were positive for the presence of the propagative stages of endoparasites. In 257 of dogs fecal samples, 12 different species of endoparasites were detected: Giardia spp., Cystoisopsora spp., Sarcocystis spp., Hammondia/Neospora-like, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Capillaria aerophila, Crenosoma vulpis, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Strongyloides stercoralis and eggs from the family Ancylostomatidae. Only 4 different parasitic species were found in 50 domestic cats’ fecal samples - Giardia spp., Cystoisopsora spp., T. cati and larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. It was confirmed that a significant differences were found in relation to age for Giardia spp., T. canis, S. stercoralis and family Ancylostomatidae. Close and frequent contact between younger pets and people increases the risks for the transmission of zoonotic diseases.

Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes in Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina isolates from Iran

Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina are the most important ascaridoid nematodes of the family Toxocaridae. The present study was aimed to characterisation and analysis of genetic variation within and among T. canis and T. leonina isolates obtained from Iran by sequencing partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) genes. A total number of 134 adult nematodes belonging to Toxocaridae family were collected from stray dogs in Alborz province, Iran during 2015 and 2016. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed and products were sequenced. Sequences of two mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes were compared with other sequences in the GenBank, while multiple sequences alignment analysis was performed using the Bioedit and MEGA6 software and phylogenetic tree was plotted. For all isolates, amplicons of about 450 and 350 base pairs (bp) were successfully produced by PCR for cox1 and nad1, respectively. All sequences of T. canis isolates from present study were 100% homologous across the nad1 gene but not in the cox1 gene. The results indicate that the PCR method based on sequence of cox1 and nad1 genes is a suitable technique for the differentiation of T. canis and T. leonina species and that mtDNA regions could be used as genetic markers for the identification and differentiation of Toxocara species.

Helminthfauna of road-killed cougars (Puma concolor) from the Northeastern Region of São Paulo State, Brazil

As the second-largest Neotropical carnivore, cougars (Puma concolor) are especially important for maintenance of the biodiversity and ecosystem health. Five wild adult cougars (Puma concolor), found roadkilled in highways in the Northeastern region of São Paulo, were evaluated in search for parasites. Ten species representing nine families were identified. The most prevalent helminths were Uncinaria bidens, Lagochilascaris major, Spirometra sp., and Oncicola canis, followed by Cylicospirura subaequalis, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia omissa, Echinococcus sp., Filaroides sp. and Oncicola oncicola. It is important to note that some helminths found in this study, such as L. major, Spirometra sp., O. oncicola, O. canis, Echinococcus sp., T. leonina, C. subaequalis, and Filaroides sp. are known to affect domestic carnivores, which may indicate interaction between wild and domestic hosts. This study represents a new host record for four of the species found in cougars, U. bidens, L. major, O. canis, and Filaroides sp., and new locality records for U. bidens, T. leonina, C. subaequalis, and Filaroides sp.

Peculiarities of influence of the preparation moxistop (tablet) on biochemical indicators of blood of small pets

This article describes studies of the veterinary anthelmintic preparation Moxistop (tablet) for dogs and cats. The preparation Moxistop (tablet) has a wide range of action, thanks to its unique formula moxidectin + praziquantel fights 13 types of parasites, including microfilariae (Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis), it is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in nematodes and cestodes. Analysis of the dynamics of clinical indicators of the blood of cats showed that the animals of the first and second groups, all indicators were normal. Eosinophils before deworming in animals of the first group were increased and amounted to (8.2 ± 0.93) % (normal (2–6) %), and after deworming to the 14th day decreased to (4.7 ± 0.51) %; in cats of the second group decreased from (9.7 ± 1.14) % to (5.5 ± 0.49) %. According to the study, it was found that in the studied dogs of one group after the use of the preparation “Moxistop” tablet blood hemoglobin tended to increase relative to normal, namely by 28%, and in group V within normal limits. The content of erythrocytes, leukocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and ESR – within normal limits. It should be noted that before deworming in animals of the fourth group, blood parameters, namely eosinophils, were at the upper limit of normal and were (7.9 ± 2.63) % (normal (2–8) %), and after deworming to 14 on the th day decreased to (5.4 ± 1.44) %; in dogs of the fifth group decreased from (7.1 ± 1) % to (4 ± 1) %, in animals of the control group was more than 7 %, which is the upper limit of normal. According to the results of the tests, it was found high efficiency of the preparation “Moxistop” (“Moxistop mini”, “Moxistop copper”, “Moxistop maxi”) in the infestation of Dipylidium caninum, Toxascaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and cats of different ages.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF COMPLEX DRUGS BASED ON PIRANTEL PAMOAT, FEBANTEL AND PRAZIKVANTEL FOR HELMINTHOSIS OF DOGS AND CATS

The article presents data on the effectiveness of the new complex antiparasitic drug «Animal VetLine DeVorm plus anthelmintic drug for dogs and cats (suspension)» in comparison with the reference drugs «Drontal@ plus with meat taste» and «Drontal@ for cats» in use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in helminthiasis of dogs and cats of different breeds. According to the results of helminthocoprological studies of feces, it was found that on the 7th day after the use of the experimental drug «Animal VetLine DeVorm plus anthelmintic for dogs and cats (suspension)» in one dog and one puppy (from 6 animals) a slight invasion (intensity of invasion of the pathogen Toxocara canis was 1–2 eggs in 1 g of feces) was observed, ie during this invasion the studied drug «Animal VetLine DeVorm plus anthelmintic for dogs and cats (suspension)» on the 7th day after application showed 83.3 % efficiency. However, the experimental animals had no invasion in the helminthocoprologic studies of the pathogen Toxocara canis on 14th day after treatment with this drug. In comparison, animals treated with reference drugs of endoparasitic pathogens on the 7th and 14th day of the study was not detected. It should be noted that in cats on the 7th day after treatment, according to helminthocoprological studies, nematode pathogens were not detected. The extensitivity of the experimental drug and reference drugs in field (production) trials for nematodes (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis ) of puppies, dogs and cats was 100 %. It was found that the tolerability of the antiparasitic drug by animals was good, it did not change the clinical signs and did not cause toxic effects. The drug has shown high extensibility in endoparasitic diseases of dogs and cats when used individually for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes and can be recommended for use in the practice of veterinary medicine.