scholarly journals The Role of Microorganisms in the Revegetation of Strip-Mined Land in the Western United States

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Cundell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western United States

scholarly journals Springtime high surface ozone events over the western United States: Quantifying the role of stratospheric intrusions

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (D21) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiyun Lin ◽  
Arlene M. Fiore ◽  
Owen R. Cooper ◽  
Larry W. Horowitz ◽  
Andrew O. Langford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Stratospheric Intrusions

Human ocular onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mowlavi ◽  
F. Farzbod ◽  
A. Kheirkhah ◽  
I. Mobedi ◽  
D.D. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Onchocerca Lupi ◽  
Nodular Lesions

AbstractCases of canine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi are increasingly reported from Europe and the western United States of America. The zoonotic role of this parasite had already been suspected in Europe as the clinical signs and histopathology seen in two ocular cases from Albania and the Crimean region were very similar to those of canine ocular onchocerciasis. In the most recent reports of human onchocerciasis, O. lupi has been morphologically and molecularly identified as the causative agent of ocular infestation in two patients from Turkey, and one patient from Tunisia. Here, we report an additional case of nodular lesions involving two, and possibly more, immature worms in a patient from Iran. The parasite was found to belong to the genus Onchocerca based on morphological features and the species was confirmed as O. lupi from a partial sequence analysis of 12S ribosomal DNA.

The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Edwards ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Small Streams

We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access to large streams and/or groundwater increase crop production relative to areas with only small streams by $19 billion annually, equivalent to 90 percent of the total annual increase in the western United States after 1940.

scholarly journals Mixed populations and annual flood frequency estimates in the western United States: The role of atmospheric rivers

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Barth ◽  
Gabriele Villarini ◽  
Munir A. Nayak ◽  
Kathleen White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Mixed Populations

scholarly journals Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 2946-2951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Balch ◽  
Bethany A. Bradley ◽  
John T. Abatzoglou ◽  
R. Chelsea Nagy ◽  
Emily J. Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Government Records

The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5 million government records of wildfires that had to be extinguished or managed by state or federal agencies from 1992 to 2012, and examined geographic and seasonal extents of human-ignited wildfires relative to lightning-ignited wildfires. Humans have vastly expanded the spatial and seasonal “fire niche” in the coterminous United States, accounting for 84% of all wildfires and 44% of total area burned. During the 21-y time period, the human-caused fire season was three times longer than the lightning-caused fire season and added an average of 40,000 wildfires per year across the United States. Human-started wildfires disproportionally occurred where fuel moisture was higher than lightning-started fires, thereby helping expand the geographic and seasonal niche of wildfire. Human-started wildfires were dominant (>80% of ignitions) in over 5.1 million km2, the vast majority of the United States, whereas lightning-started fires were dominant in only 0.7 million km2, primarily in sparsely populated areas of the mountainous western United States. Ignitions caused by human activities are a substantial driver of overall fire risk to ecosystems and economies. Actions to raise awareness and increase management in regions prone to human-started wildfires should be a focus of United States policy to reduce fire risk and associated hazards.

Policy barriers and opportunities for prescribed fire application in the western United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Schultz ◽  
Sarah M. McCaffrey ◽  
Heidi R. Huber-Stearns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Policy Barriers ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

Prescribed fire is an important management tool on US federal lands that is not being applied at the necessary or desired levels. We investigated the role of policy barriers and opportunities for prescribed fire application on US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands in the western United States. We conducted 54 semi-structured interviews with federal and state land managers and air quality regulators, and with several non-federal partners. We found that lack of adequate capacity and funding were the most commonly cited barriers to increasing application of prescribed fire. Interviewees also emphasised that owing to a lack of incentives and the prevalence of risk aversion at multiple agency levels, active prescribed fire programs depend on the leadership and commitment of individual decision-makers and fire managers. Successful approaches also rely on collaborative forums and positions that allow communication, problem-solving and resource sharing among federal and state partners, and that facilitate dialogue between air-quality and land managers. We did not find that air quality regulation was consistently cited as a major barrier, except in specific locations. Our findings highlight the importance of contextualised investigation into policy barriers and the role of collaborative and multilevel governance approaches for addressing complex land management challenges.

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