Fresh-Water Algae of the West Falklands

1924 ◽  
Vol 1924 (7) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Elinor F. Vallentin
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
The West

A phytogeographic survey of Southern Benin

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Human Influence ◽  
The West ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Floating Vegetation ◽  
Lophira Lanceolata ◽  
Southern Benin ◽  
Forest Islands

Southern Benin has a dry subequatoriai climate with a rainfall gradient from 850 mm in the west to 1 500 mm in the east, the geomorphology is varied and the vegetation has been subjected to strong human influence. There are numerous plant formations, namely: 1, forest islands which are probably relics of the primitive vegetation and include (a) dense semi-deciduous forests of several types, (b) swamp forests of two types, (c) periodically flooded forest of two types, (d) Lophira lanceolata  (Hutchinson Dalziel, 1954-72) woodlands and (e) mangrove swamps; 2, formations which are probably derived and include (a) thickets of several types, (b) tree savannas and shrub savannas, (c) grassy savannas and prairies varying according to soil characteristics and (d) halophytic grasslands; and 3, floating vegetation on fresh-water lakes.

The Maglemose Remains of Holderness and their Baltic Counterparts

1924 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Leslie Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
The West ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Fresh Water Lake

During recent years certain transitional cultural stages have been recognised which link up the Palæolithic and Neolithic civilisations, and for which the term Mesolithic is generally accepted. Of these the Maglemose stage is perhaps the most important, because in it are seen pronounced Palæolithic influences, and survivals, side by side with the first recognisable expressions of Neolithic culture.The typical station was discovered in 1900 by Dr. Sarauw, the Danish archæologist, in the peat moss of Maglemose, literally “the great moor,” formerly a fresh water lake but now thirteen feet above sea level, and situated near Mullerup, on the west coast of Zeeland.

scholarly journals Water Circulation and Ice Accretion Beneath Ward Hunt Ice Shelf (Northern Ellesmere Island, Canada), Deduced From Salinity and Isotope Analysis of Ice Cores

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O. Jeffries ◽  
William M. Sackinger ◽  
H. Roy Krouse ◽  
Harold V. Serson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
The West ◽  
Water Ice

Ice-core drilling and ice-core analysis (electrical conductivity–salinity, 18O, 3H, density) reveal that the internal structure of the west Ward Hunt Ice Shelf contrasts sharply with that of the east ice shelf. The west ice shelf contains a great thickness (≥22 m) of sea ice (mean salinity, 2.22‰; mean δ18O, -0.8‰), whereas the east ice shelf is entirely of meteoric or fresh-water ice (mean salinity 0.01‰; mean δ18O, -29.7‰). High tritium activities are found only in ice from near the bottom of the east and west ice shelves. The contrasting ice-core data is considered to be a proxy record of variations in water circulation and bottom freezing beneath the ice shelf. The west shelf is underlain by sea water flowing into Disraeli Fiord. Sea ice accretes on to the bottom of the west ice shelf from the sea-water flowing into the fiord. Sea-water flowing out of the fiord is directed below the east ice shelf. However, the east ice shelf is not underlain directly by sea-water but by a layer of fresh water from the surface of Disraeli Fiord. In this region, ice growth resulting from the presence of this stable fresh-water layer has been accompanied by surface ablation over a period of perhaps the last 450 years. As a result, fresh-water ice has completely replaced any sea ice that originally grew in the region of the east ice shelf. Whereas the west and east shelves are underlain almost exclusively by sea-water and fresh water, ice in the south shelf is the result of freezing of fresh, brackish or sea water. This is attributed to mixing of the inflowing and outflowing waters.

On the Temperature of the Salt and Fresh Water Lochs of the West of Scotland, at Different Depths and Seasons, during the Years 1887 and 1888

1892 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 139-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Murray
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Temperature Observations

The temperature observations recorded in this communication were all taken from the yacht “Medusa,” except those in Loch Morar, which were made from a small rowing-boat, but the sameinstruments and the same methods were used as in the other lochs.All observations beneath the surface were made by means of Messrs Negretti & Zambra's reversing thermometer in the Scottish frame. The readings are published as they were observed, except that the instrumental correction is applied. The readings may, as a rule, be taken as exact to one-tenth of a degree when the sea was smooth, and when the temperature of water and air had a range less than six degrees. Experiments have shown that if a thermometer be reversed in water at 40°·0, and then brought to the temperature of 46°·0, it would change its indication slightly, and would read 40°·1. At first sight it would appear sufficient to subtract 0°·1 from the reading for each 6° of excess of air temperature over that registered by the instrument, and to add similarly in case the air temperature should be lower. This has not been done, because it was believed that, in summer at least, the cooling caused by evaporation from the wet instrument would reduce its temperature very considerably, and probably enough to make no correction necessary.

IV.—Note on the Discovery of a Bone of a Monkey in the Norfolk ‘Forest-Bed’

1908 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 440-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. C. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Pebble Bed ◽  
Thin Seam ◽  
Lower Series ◽  
Thick Deposit

The Upper Freshwater division of the Norfolk Forest-Bed Series at West Runton contains two distinct horizons, viz., a lower, consisting of a rather thick deposit of clay and peat, and an upper, containing a thin seam of gravelly sand, crowded with land and fresh-water shells, on which reposes the pebble-bed found at the base of the ‘Leda-myalis’ series. My friend Mr. G. White and I have lately collected extensively from the West Runton deposits, and have been rewarded with the discovery of several hitherto unknown voles, etc., which I hope to describe ere long. On comparing the voles from the lower series with those from the upper part of the Upper Freshwater bed one finds considerable differences between them, and I believe that similar differences are shown by the mollusca from the two horizons. These faunistic differences are of course not so great as those which have been shown by Dr. Forsyth Major to exist between the East Runton deposit and the West Runton series taken as a whole, but still they are similar in kind.

scholarly journals Water Circulation and Ice Accretion Beneath Ward Hunt Ice Shelf (Northern Ellesmere Island, Canada), Deduced From Salinity and Isotope Analysis of Ice Cores

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O. Jeffries ◽  
William M. Sackinger ◽  
H. Roy Krouse ◽  
Harold V. Serson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
The West ◽  
Water Ice

Ice-core drilling and ice-core analysis (electrical conductivity–salinity, 18O, 3H, density) reveal that the internal structure of the west Ward Hunt Ice Shelf contrasts sharply with that of the east ice shelf. The west ice shelf contains a great thickness (≥22 m) of sea ice (mean salinity, 2.22‰; mean δ18O, -0.8‰), whereas the east ice shelf is entirely of meteoric or fresh-water ice (mean salinity 0.01‰; mean δ18O, -29.7‰). High tritium activities are found only in ice from near the bottom of the east and west ice shelves. The contrasting ice-core data is considered to be a proxy record of variations in water circulation and bottom freezing beneath the ice shelf. The west shelf is underlain by sea water flowing into Disraeli Fiord. Sea ice accretes on to the bottom of the west ice shelf from the sea-water flowing into the fiord. Sea-water flowing out of the fiord is directed below the east ice shelf. However, the east ice shelf is not underlain directly by sea-water but by a layer of fresh water from the surface of Disraeli Fiord. In this region, ice growth resulting from the presence of this stable fresh-water layer has been accompanied by surface ablation over a period of perhaps the last 450 years. As a result, fresh-water ice has completely replaced any sea ice that originally grew in the region of the east ice shelf. Whereas the west and east shelves are underlain almost exclusively by sea-water and fresh water, ice in the south shelf is the result of freezing of fresh, brackish or sea water. This is attributed to mixing of the inflowing and outflowing waters.

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