The Symmetric Property of the Equality Relation and Young Children's Ability to Solve Open Addition and Subtraction Sentences

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fred Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Equality Relation ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Symmetric Property

The Symmetric Property of the Equality Relation and Young Children's Ability to Solve Open Addition and Subtraction Sentences

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
J. Fred Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Form ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Sentence Form ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Equality Relation ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
And Performance ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Subtraction Facts ◽  
Symmetric Property

Based upon the equation form a□ b=c, coupled with addition and subtraction facts having sums between 10 and 18, an inventory consisting of 4 8-item tests was developed to investigate 1st-, 2d-, and 3d-grade pupils' ability to solve open sentences which differed with respect to several mathematical factors, only 1 of which is the focus of this informal report. Data from 135 classes in 23 schools were included in the analysis. Differences were observed between performance levels on open addition and subtraction sentences generated from the equation form a□ b=c and performance levels on similar sentences generated from the equivalent symmetric form c=a□ b. It is suggested that school mathematics programs should give more explicit attention to variations in equation or open-sentence form associated with the symmetric property of the equality relation.

Thinking in Action and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terezinha Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Teaching Approaches ◽  
Multiplicative Reasoning ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Logical Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Learning By Imitation

Before children learn to use language, they learn about the world in action and by imitation. This learning provides the basis for language acquisition. Learning by imitation and thinking in action continue to be significant throughout life. Mathematical concepts are grounded in children’s schemas of action, which are action patterns that represent a logical organization that can be applied to different objects. This chapter describes some of the conditions that allow deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children to learn by imitation and use schemas of action successfully to solve mathematical problems. Three examples of concepts that can be taught by observation and thinking in action are presented: the inverse relation between addition and subtraction, the concepts necessary for learning to write numbers, and multiplicative reasoning. There is sufficient knowledge for the use of teaching approaches that can prevent DHH children from falling behind before they start school.

scholarly journals Addition and subtraction as a valuation mechanism for valuable buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 1105 (1) ◽  
pp. 012096
Author(s):  
Basim Hasan Almajdi ◽  
Abbas Na’im Mohsin ◽  
Tabark Hussein Ali
Keyword(s):  
Addition And Subtraction

A Proposed Instructional Theory for Integer Addition and Subtraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Stephan ◽  
Didem Akyuz
Keyword(s):  
Number Line ◽  
Teaching Experiment ◽  
Learning Trajectory ◽  
Realistic Mathematics Education ◽  
Instructional Theory ◽  
Education Theory ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Support Students ◽  
Grade Classroom ◽  
Viable Model

This article presents the results of a 7th-grade classroom teaching experiment that supported students' understanding of integer addition and subtraction. The experiment was conducted to test and revise a hypothetical learning trajectory so as to propose a potential instructional theory for integer addition and subtraction. The instructional sequence, which was based on a financial context, was designed using the Realistic Mathematics Education theory. Additionally, an empty, vertical number line (VNL) is posited as a potentially viable model to support students' organizing their addition and subtraction strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the mathematical practices that were established in this setting. These practices indicate that students can successfully draw on their experiences with assets, debts, and net worths to create meaning for integer addition and subtraction.

scholarly journals A Study of Errors and Misconceptions in the Learning of Addition and Subtraction of Directed Numbers in Grade 8

SAGE Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401667137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judah Paul Makonye ◽  
Josiah Fakude
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Negative Numbers ◽  
Teaching And Learning Mathematics ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Logical Errors ◽  
Grade 8

The study focused on the errors and misconceptions that learners manifest in the addition and subtraction of directed numbers. Skemp’s notions of relational and instrumental understanding of mathematics and Sfard’s participation and acquisition metaphors of learning mathematics informed the study. Data were collected from 35 Grade 8 learners’ exercise book responses to directed numbers tasks as well as through interviews. Content analysis was based on Kilpatrick et al.’s strands of mathematical proficiency. The findings were as follows: 83.3% of learners have misconceptions, 16.7% have procedural errors, 67% have strategic errors, and 28.6% have logical errors on addition and subtraction of directed numbers. The sources of the errors seemed to be lack of reference to mediating artifacts such as number lines or other real contextual situations when learning to deal with directed numbers. Learners seemed obsessed with positive numbers and addition operation frames—the first number ideas they encountered in school. They could not easily accommodate negative numbers or the subtraction operation involving negative integers. Another stumbling block seemed to be poor proficiency in English, which is the language of teaching and learning mathematics. The study recommends that building conceptual understanding on directed numbers and operations on them must be encouraged through use of multirepresentations and other contexts meaningful to learners. For that reason, we urge delayed use of calculators.

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