Does goal ambiguity influence the program structure of nonprofit human service organizations?

This study presents an alternative to outcome management based on accountability by analyzing the ambiguity of nonprofit human service organizations’ program goals and program structures. A total of 761 programs were chosen from the 2010–2020 annual plans of P Rehabilitation Center for analysis. The program goals were analyzed according to quantitative accuracy and outcome attainability standards and the program structures were analyzed using the program theory model. Human service organizations need to have a logical program structure according to the program goal, and it is necessary to minimize logical errors in the program structure.

Logic prototyping: approach and use cases

In this article, we present an approach to prototyping complex systems and processes using classical predicate logic. The prototype is built by the interpreter based on a logical description of the properties and/or behavior of the designed system. The description contains the definitions of the prototype elements and the constraints that the correct prototype must satisfy. Definitions are used to build a prototype, and constraints are used to analyze it and check the required properties. Definitions are interpreted using direct logic inference, constraints are only checked on the resulting model. A wider class of formulas is used than in well-known logical languages. Computable logical and denotational semantics are defined for them. In the process of building a prototype, logical errors of uncertainty, redefinition of functions, and contradictions are diagnosed. We are given examples of prototype descriptions used for semantic program analysis, space training, transport system design.

Using of the Terms «Person of a Criminal» and «Personality of a Criminal» in Criminology

The article is devoted to consideration of the terms «person of a criminal» and «personality of a criminal» used in criminology. It is noted that criminology is a science, mostly social, and therefore less dependent on the formation of its terminology from the terms used in the text of the law. Attention is drawn to the fact that the term «personality of a criminal» is a term based on criminology, which causes increased attention to it. It is argued that it is the unification of terminology, the provision of criminological terms of unambiguity and generality that will make criminological research effective, will protect researchers from logical errors. In this regard, it is proposed to consider the expediency of using the term «personality of a criminal» in criminology. The focus is on changes in the criminal legislation of Ukraine in 2020, according to which the content of the term «crime» has changed significantly. In this regard, the question is considered: whether it is possible to continue to speak about the «person/personality of a criminal», whether it will be more appropriate to use the term «person/personality of a criminal offender». On the basis of logical assumptions, the conclusion is made about the possibility of operating in criminological investigations in terms of «crime» and «person of a criminal». Attention is paid to the fact that in scientific publications of Ukrainian criminologists the term «person of a criminal» and the term «personality of a criminal» are used. It is concluded that such duality is the result of a false translation of the Russian term «identity of a perpetrator». It is noted that most authors who use the term «person of a criminal» consider a set of physiological characteristics of a person prone to criminal offenses of a certain kind, and therefore — we are talking, rather, about «personality», not «person». At the same time, it is emphasized that the term «person of a criminal» is common, and therefore this should not cause any discussions or problems with the correct understanding of its essence in criminological studies. In this regard, the conclusion is made about the possibility of using the formally incorrect term «person of a criminal» as synonymous with the term «personality of a criminal».

CSF: Formative Feedback in Autograding

Autograding systems are being increasingly deployed to meet the challenges of teaching programming at scale. Studies show that formative feedback can greatly help novices learn programming. This work extends an autograder, enabling it to provide formative feedback on programming assignment submissions. Our methodology starts with the design of a knowledge map, which is the set of concepts and skills that are necessary to complete an assignment, followed by the design of the assignment and that of a comprehensive test suite for identifying logical errors in the submitted code. Test cases are used to test the student submissions and learn classes of common errors. For each assignment, we train a classifier that automatically categorizes errors in a submission based on the outcome of the test suite. The instructor maps the errors to corresponding concepts and skills and writes hints to help students find their misconceptions and mistakes. We apply this methodology to two assignments in our Introduction to Computer Science course and find that the automatic error categorization has a 90% average accuracy. We report and compare data from two semesters, one semester when hints are given for the two assignments and one when hints are not given. Results show that the percentage of students who successfully complete the assignments after an initial erroneous submission is three times greater when hints are given compared to when hints are not given. However, on average, even when hints are provided, almost half of the students fail to correct their code so that it passes all the test cases. The initial implementation of the framework focuses on the functional correctness of the programs as reflected by the outcome of the test cases. In our future work, we will explore other kinds of feedback and approaches to automatically generate feedback to better serve the educational needs of the students.

Cultural and speech characteristics of the sounding word: A critical look at modern television speech

The article presents the results of a study of modern oral television speech in terms of its conformity / non-conformity with the norms of the literary language. The aim of the study was to establish the characteristics of the cultural-speech situation of television journalistic discourse. The objectives of the study are to identify and systematize the parameters of the violation of the language norm in the speech of educated people – T.V. journalists. The main methods of the undertaken research are observation, analysis, systematization, comparison, interpretation, generalization. The material of the study are the texts of the "News" and "Political talk show" genres, daily shown on the air of central Russian channels It has been established that violations of the norm of the literary language occur at all levels of the language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, as well as the level of textual organization of the utterance, which leads to the logical errors. As a result of the analysis, the authors come to the following conclusions: 1) modern television language comes into conflict with the canons of normative communication; 2) an avalanche-like violation of literary norms no longer testifies the democratization of the language, but its vulgarization, often a deliberate decrease in the cultural level of speech by journalists; 3) the turbulence of the norm in modern mass communication creates the conditions for the loss of the meaning- distinctive capabilities of linguistic units, for the weakening of the meaning of the sense-organizing rules for the combination of utterance components.

Once Again on Misinterpretations of Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem

A response is given to the paper by A. M. Izmailova (Izmailova A. M. O kritike teoremy K. Gedelya o nepolnote A. V. Bessonovym [On A. V. Bessonov’s criticism of K. Gödel’s incompleteness theorem]. Studencheskii nauchnyi zhurnal “Grani nauki” [Student Scientific Journal "Facets of Science"], 2018, no. 1, p. 7-9. (in Russ.)) allegedly indicating a «serious error» in my analysis of K. Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem. It is shown that her criticism is based on gross logical errors, as well as on a misunderstanding of both the second incompleteness theorem and my results. Such a widespread misinterpretation is based on the inadmissible confusion of the proof of the consistency of formal arithmetic with the proof in it of a formula expressing its consistency. It is argued that Gödel's second theorem is not directly related to the proof of the consistency of formal arithmetic. It is proved that this theorem cannot be used in argumentation against feasibility of D. Hilbert’s finitistic program.

Academic Application at STIEM Bongaya Makassar Web-Based

This study aims to design a web-based academic information system at STIEM Bongaya Makassar. During this academic service to students is still done manually, for example at the end of the semester students usually queue up to see grades and class schedules that use paper media that is posted on the bulletin board, so servants to students become ineffective and inefficient. With the advancement of information technology such as internet media, it can support the academic activities of a college. So with the use of internet media students do not need to come directly to the lecture to get academic information The web-based academic information system at STIEM Bongaya Makassar is expected to provide convenience in managing student data and academic services. This academic information system will later be web-based created using the Php and MySQL programming languages ​​as a database, and white box testing as a testing method to find out whether an application has been made free of logical errors

A Bidirectional LSTM Language Model for Code Evaluation and Repair

Programming is a vital skill in computer science and engineering-related disciplines. However, developing source code is an error-prone task. Logical errors in code are particularly hard to identify for both students and professionals, and a single error is unexpected to end-users. At present, conventional compilers have difficulty identifying many of the errors (especially logical errors) that can occur in code. To mitigate this problem, we propose a language model for evaluating source codes using a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) neural network. We trained the BiLSTM model with a large number of source codes with tuning various hyperparameters. We then used the model to evaluate incorrect code and assessed the model’s performance in three principal areas: source code error detection, suggestions for incorrect code repair, and erroneous code classification. Experimental results showed that the proposed BiLSTM model achieved 50.88% correctness in identifying errors and providing suggestions. Moreover, the model achieved an F-score of approximately 97%, outperforming other state-of-the-art models (recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM)).

Consumption Function in Islamic Economics

M. Fahim Khan, “Macro Consumption Function in an IslamicFramework,” Journal of Research in Islamic Economics (JRIE), Vol. 1,No. 2, Winter 1404/1984, pp. 1-24.Prof. M. Fahim Khan’s paper suffers from a number of deficiencieswhich may be grouped under the following categories:1. Inaccuracies in the description of positions relating to modernsecular economics.2. Questionable interpretation of Islamic positions.3. Technical and logical errors in model construction.I shall take up these points in turn.To begin with, Prof. Khan’s description of the premises of moderneconomic theory of consumer behavior and its subsequent critique isinaccurate. According to him, “Modern economic theory studiesconsumer behavior under the following premises: i) It is assumed that aconsumer will decide what to consume and how much to consume only togain the material benefits and satisfaction. ii) It is generally assumedthat all his consumption is geared to satisfy his own needs. He is notbothered to satisfy anyone else’s needs. iii) It is assumed that a consumerbehaves rationally. This among other things, means:(a) the consumer will neither be a miser nor an unnecesssry spendthrift.(b) he will not hoard his wealth.” (p. 2)Modern economic theory of consumer behavior do&e not assume any ofthe said premises given by Prof. Khan. What modern theory msumes isthat a consumer with given income allocates his spending on differentgoods and services in such a way that he maximizes his utility orsatisfaction. According to modern theory, it does not matter whether aconsumer is a miser, spendthrift or a hoarder. Also it does not matter ...