DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM AGRICULTURAL CREDIT

2016 ◽  
pp. 324-351
Author(s):  
Yuzuru Katō
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Credit

scholarly journals Effects of agricultural credit on wheat productivity of small farms in Sindh, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Ali Chandio ◽  
Yuansheng Jiang ◽  
Feng Wei ◽  
Xu Guangshun
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of short-term loan (STL) vs long-term loan (LTL) on wheat productivity of small farms in Sindh, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The econometric estimation is based on cross-sectional data collected in 2016 from 18 villages in three districts, i.e. Shikarpur, Sukkur and Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The sample data set consist of 180 wheat farmers. The collected data were analyzed through different econometric techniques like Cobb–Douglas production function and Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) approach. Findings This study reconfirmed that agricultural credit has a positive and highly significant effect on wheat productivity, while the short-term loan has a stronger effect on wheat productivity than the long-term loan. The reasons behind the phenomenon may be the significantly higher usage of agricultural inputs like seeds of improved variety and fertilizers which can be transformed into the wheat yield in the same year. However, the LTL users have significantly higher investments in land preparation, irrigation and plant protection, which may lead to higher wheat production in the coming years. Research limitations/implications In the present study, only those wheat farmers were considered who obtained agricultural loans from formal financial institutions like Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited and Khushhali Bank. However, in the rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan, a considerable proportion of small-scale farmers take credit from informal financial channels. Therefore future researchers should consider the informal credits as well. Originality/value This is the first paper to examine the effects of agricultural credit on wheat productivity of small farms in Sindh, Pakistan. This paper will be an important addition to the emerging literature regarding effects of credit studies.

Market microstructure and the historical relationship between the US farm credit system, farm service agency and commercial bank lending

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum G. Turvey ◽  
Amy Carduner ◽  
Jennifer Ifft
Keyword(s):  
Market Microstructure ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Agricultural Finance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Farm Credit ◽  
Farm Credit System

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the market microstructure related to the Farm Credit System (FCS), Commercial Banks (CB) and Farm Services Administration (FSA). The commercial banks frequently call out the FCS as having an unfair advantage in the agricultural finance market place due to tax exempt bonds, and an implied guarantee of those bonds. This paper addresses the issue by examining the interrelationships since 1939, while addressing the historically distinctive roles that the FCS, CB and FSA have played in the US agricultural credit market.Design/methodology/approachThere are two components to our model. The first is the estimation of short and long run credit demand elasticities, as well as land elasticities. These are estimated from a dynamic duality model using seemingly unrelated regression. The point elasticity measures are then used as independent variables in least square regressions, combined with farm specific and related macro variables, for the Cornbelt states. The dependent variable is the year-over-year changes in paired FCS, CB and FSA loans.FindingsThe genesis of the FCS was to provide credit to farmers in good and bad years. Therefore, we expected to see a countercyclical relationship between FCS and CB. This is found for the farm crisis years in the 1980s but is not a continuous characteristic of FCS lending. In good times the FCS and CB appear to compete, albeit with differentiated market segmentation into short- and long-term credit. The FSA, which was established to provide tertiary support to both the FCS and CB, appears to be responding as designed, with greater activity in bad years. The authors find the elasticity measures to be economically significant.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors conclude that the market microstructure of the agricultural credit market in the US is important. Our analysis applies a broader definition of market microstructure for institutions and intermediaries and reveals that further research examining the economic frictions caused by comparative bond vs deposit funding of agricultural credit is important.Originality/valueThe authors believe that this is the first paper to examine agricultural finance through the market microstructure lens. In addition our long-term data measures allow us to examine the economics through various sub-periods. Finally, we believe that our introduction of credit and land demand elasticities into a comparative credit model is also a first.

scholarly journals PENGAWASAN KREDIT PADA BANK NAGARI CABANG SITEBA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susi Ana Saputri ◽  
jhon fernos
Keyword(s):  
Legal Basis ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Consumer Loans ◽  
Warning Letter ◽  
Education Credit ◽  
Branch Bank

Bank Nagari Branch Siteba was established with the Deed of establishment number based on Notarial Deed of Hasan Qalbi, SH. In Padang, on March 12, 1962 as the legal basis for the establishment of the Nagari Branch Bank of Nagari with an initial capital of Rp.50 billion and paid up capital of Rp. 150 billion. The main activities of Bank Nagari in Siteba Branch are lending, types of loans channeled are investment loans, working capital loans, productive loans, consumer loans, trade loans, short-term loans, medium-term loans, long-term loans, collateral loans, loans without collateral, agricultural credit, livestock credit, industrial credit, mining credit, education credit, professional credit and housing loans. Credit supervision carried out by Nagari Branch Bank Siteba starts from the application stage by checking the completeness of the credit file and conducting a system of direct supervision of the customer's business. For debtors who do not pay installments or arrears have occurred, they will be given a warning letter. Based on the data obtained by Collectable and MPL credits conducted by NagariCabangSitebabaik Bank.

Sistema financiero, banca privada y crédito agrícola en México, 1897–1913: ¿Un desencuentro anunciado?

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Riguzzi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Economy ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Intermediaries ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Credit Channels ◽  
Private Banking

El artículo abordalas relaciones entre el sistema financiero y la agricultura, desde la ley bancaria de 1897 hasta 1913, último año en que los bancos mantuvieron operaciones regulares. Se pretende medir el acceso de las unidades productivas al crédito de largo plazo y reconstruir los canales de financiamiento. La pregunta central es si y en qué condiciones los bancos u otros intermediarios financieros encauzaban una oferta de crédito hacia el sector agrícola y en qué términos. O si, por otro lado, la banca privada manifestaba una incapacidad estructural para acomodar en sus actividades el crédito agrícola; en este caso se pretende conocer qué caminos alternativos estaban disponibles y qué consecuencias derivaron de ello. The article deals with the relationships between the financial system and agriculture, from the first Banking Law in 1897 until the last year of bank operations before the Revolution, 1913. It aims at reconstructing the credit channels and measuring the access of rural estates to long-term credit. The central question is whether banks or other financial intermediaries supplied funds to Mexican agriculture, and in what terms. Was private banking structurally incapable of providing agricultural credit? And if so, were alternative means available? What consequences this situation had on the rural economy?

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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