The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

scholarly journals Value of Radiomics Features From Adrenal Gland and Periadrenal Fat in CT Images for Predicting COVID-19 Prognosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudan zhang ◽  
Xuntao Yin ◽  
Wuchao Li ◽  
Yan Zha ◽  
Xianchun Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Threshold Probability ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Test Sets

Abstract Background: Endocrine system plays an important role in infectious disease prognosis. Our goal is to assess the value of radiomics features extracted from adrenal gland and periadrenal fat CT images in predicting disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods: A total of 1,325 patients (765 moderate and 560 severe patients) from three centers were enrolled in the retrospective study. We proposed a 3D cascade V-Net to automatically segment adrenal glands in onset CT images. Periadrenal fat areas were obtained using inflation operations. Then, the radiomics features were automatically extracted. Five models were established to predict the disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a clinical model (CM), three radiomics models (adrenal gland model [AM], periadrenal fat model [PM], fusion of adrenal gland and periadrenal fat model [FM]), and a radiomics nomogram model (RN).Data from one center (1,183 patients) were utilized as training and validation sets. The remaining two (36 and 106 patients) were used as 2 independent test sets to evaluate the models’ performance. Results: The auto-segmentation framework achieved an average dice of 0.79 in the test set. CM, AM, PM, FM, and RN obtained AUCs of 0.716, 0.755, 0.796, 0.828, and 0.825, respectively in the training set, and the mean AUCs of 0.754, 0.709, 0.672, 0.706 and 0.778 for 2 independent test sets. Decision curve analysis showed that if the threshold probability was more than 0.3, 0.5, and 0.1 in the validation set, the independent-test set 1 and the independent-test set 2 could gain more net benefits using RN than FM and CM, respectively. Conclusion: Radiomics features extracted from CT images of adrenal glands and periadrenal fat are related to disease prognosis in patients with COVID-19 and have great potential for predicting its severity.

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Martinez ◽  
Kelvin Memeh ◽  
Beatrice Caballero ◽  
Marlon A Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Malignant Pheochromocytoma ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Adrenal Hormone ◽  
Addison Disease ◽  
Conn Syndrome

Adrenal tumors are most commonly identified incidentally during imaging for nonadrenal causes. Others may be identified after a patient presents with symptoms of adrenal hormone excess. Adrenal tumors are categorized as functional or nonfunctional, as well as by their malignant potential. It is important to understand the functionality of adrenal glands and properly diagnose potentially hormonally active adrenal tumors. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and details the management of the diseases that result from adrenal hormone excess. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 27 references. Key words: Addison disease, adrenal, aldosterone, catecholamine, Conn syndrome, cortisol, Cushing syndrome, function, glucocorticoid, malignant, pheochromocytoma 

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Martinez ◽  
Kelvin Memeh ◽  
Beatrice Caballero ◽  
Marlon A Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Malignant Pheochromocytoma ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Adrenal Hormone ◽  
Addison Disease ◽  
Conn Syndrome

Adrenal tumors are most commonly identified incidentally during imaging for nonadrenal causes. Others may be identified after a patient presents with symptoms of adrenal hormone excess. Adrenal tumors are categorized as functional or nonfunctional, as well as by their malignant potential. It is important to understand the functionality of adrenal glands and properly diagnose potentially hormonally active adrenal tumors. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and details the management of the diseases that result from adrenal hormone excess. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 27 references. Key words: Addison disease, adrenal, aldosterone, catecholamine, Conn syndrome, cortisol, Cushing syndrome, function, glucocorticoid, malignant, pheochromocytoma 

EFFECTS OF “HOE HOA TAN II” REMEDY IN THE TREATMENT OF INTERNAL HAEMORROHIDS GRADE I, II AND III

2015 ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Van Anh Nguyen ◽  
Van Nhan Le ◽  
Nguyen Nhu Phuong Phan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Radix Angelicae Sinensis ◽  
Randomised Controlled Study ◽  
Citrus Deliciosa ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Angelicae Sinensis

Objectives: To investigate and evaluate the therapeutic effects of Hoe hoa tan II in the treatment of internal haemorroids grade I, II and III. Ingredients of the remedy include: Hoe Hoa (Styphonolonium japonicum), Chi xac (Fructus citri Aurantii), Hau phac (Magnolia offinalis), Tran bi (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), Thuong thuat (Atractylodes lancea), O mai (Armeniaca vulgaris Lamk), Cam thao (Clycyrrhiza uralensis), Duong quy (Radix Angelicae Sinensis). Subjects and methods: Randomised controlled study (RCT) has been conducted on 60 patients which were divided into two groups, i.e. the first 30 patient group were treated with Hoe hoa tan II remedy 20 g, and the second 30 patient group were treated with Daflon 500 mg in the course of 14 days. Results: Study showed that Hoe hoa tan II has helped improve symptoms of internal haemorroids grade I, II and III such as bleeding, anal exudation, pain, reducing the size of the haemorroid tissues. The remedy has been shown to have the most significant effect on relieving constipation which is typical in haemorroids. The study also revealed no unwanted effects caused by this formula. Conclusion: Hoe hoa tan II can be therapeutically used to treat internal haemorroids grade I, II and III without causing any serious side effects. Key words: Hoe hoa tan II, internal haemorroids grade I, II, III.

Protective Effect of Hypericum perforatum L. Extract on Hexavalent Chromium Induced Toxicity in Rat Adrenal Gland

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2014-2017
Author(s):  
Jelena Savici ◽  
Oana Maria Boldura ◽  
Cornel Balta ◽  
Diana Brezovan ◽  
Florin Muselin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum L ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis

This study was carried out to test the possibility of hexavalent chromium administration through drinking water to induce the structural damage in rat�s adrenal glands and the possibility of Hypericum perforatum extract to faith against chromium aggression. Chromium induced cellular stress was determined by the expression level assessment of the Bcl2 genes family, known to modulate the apoptotic pathway. Obtained results showed that exposure to chromium altered adrenal glands morphology, by induction of apoptosis. When Hypericum perforatum extract was administered expression level of Bcl2 genes and histological lesions in adrenal glands were significantly reduced.

Evaluation of Adrenal Cortical Function in Neonatal and Weanling Laboratory Beagle Dogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 019262332110094
Author(s):  
Janet M. Petruska ◽  
Maria Adamo ◽  
Jeffrey McCartney ◽  
Ahamat Aboulmali ◽  
Thomas J. Rosol
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Common Target ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Function

The most common target organ for toxicity in the endocrine system is the adrenal gland, and its function is dependent upon the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Histopathologic examination of the adrenal glands and pituitary gland is routinely performed in toxicity studies. However, the function of the adrenal gland is not routinely assessed in toxicity studies. Assessment of adrenal cortical function may be necessary to determine whether a histopathologic finding in the adrenal cortex results in a functional effect in the test species. As juvenile toxicity studies are more commonly performed in support of pediatric indications for pharmaceuticals, it is important to establish historical control data for adrenal gland function. In this study, adrenal cortical function was assessed in control neonatal and weanling beagle dogs as part of an ongoing juvenile toxicology program. Measurements of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol prior to and following administration of exogenous ACTH, and aldosterone were conducted beginning at 2 weeks of age continuing through 26 weeks of age. Serum electrolyte concentrations were determined at 4, 13, and 26 weeks of age. Dogs as young as 2 weeks of age synthesize and secrete adrenal cortical hormones and exhibit a functional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

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