Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Martinez ◽  
Kelvin Memeh ◽  
Beatrice Caballero ◽  
Marlon A Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Malignant Pheochromocytoma ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Adrenal Hormone ◽  
Addison Disease ◽  
Conn Syndrome

Adrenal tumors are most commonly identified incidentally during imaging for nonadrenal causes. Others may be identified after a patient presents with symptoms of adrenal hormone excess. Adrenal tumors are categorized as functional or nonfunctional, as well as by their malignant potential. It is important to understand the functionality of adrenal glands and properly diagnose potentially hormonally active adrenal tumors. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and details the management of the diseases that result from adrenal hormone excess. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 27 references. Key words: Addison disease, adrenal, aldosterone, catecholamine, Conn syndrome, cortisol, Cushing syndrome, function, glucocorticoid, malignant, pheochromocytoma 

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Martinez ◽  
Kelvin Memeh ◽  
Beatrice Caballero ◽  
Marlon A Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Malignant Pheochromocytoma ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Adrenal Hormone ◽  
Addison Disease ◽  
Conn Syndrome

Adrenal tumors are most commonly identified incidentally during imaging for nonadrenal causes. Others may be identified after a patient presents with symptoms of adrenal hormone excess. Adrenal tumors are categorized as functional or nonfunctional, as well as by their malignant potential. It is important to understand the functionality of adrenal glands and properly diagnose potentially hormonally active adrenal tumors. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and details the management of the diseases that result from adrenal hormone excess. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 27 references. Key words: Addison disease, adrenal, aldosterone, catecholamine, Conn syndrome, cortisol, Cushing syndrome, function, glucocorticoid, malignant, pheochromocytoma 

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Al-Kurd ◽  
Haggi Mazeh
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complicated Patient

The adrenal glands represent an essential component of the endocrine system, and their failure can have catastrophic consequences to several aspects of bodily homeostasis. Each adrenal gland can be divided into two different endocrine components, the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct functions. This in-depth review of normal adrenal embryology, anatomy, and physiology also emphasizes the clinical relevance of various irregularities in adrenal functioning. Every surgeon attempting to manage adrenal diseases is expected to be familiar with the detailed pathophysiology of these conditions because such an understanding is essential for sound preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of this potentially complicated patient group.  This review contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 70 references. Key words: adrenal, adrenal glands, adrenal pathophysiology, adrenal physiology, anatomy of adrenal glands, cortex, embryology, endocrine system, medulla

Testosterone- and Cortisol-secreting Oncocytic Adrenocortical Adenoma in the Pediatric Age-group

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam K Al Badi ◽  
Ibrahim Al-Alwan ◽  
Mohammed Al-Dubayee ◽  
Ayed Al-Anzi ◽  
Maram S Al Turki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Adrenocortical Adenoma ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Pediatric Age Group

Oncocytic tumors are epithelial neoplasms that occur in various organs, including adrenal glands. Oncocytic adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas are uncommon but well-known pathological entities in adults. However, generally oncocytic tumors, particularly in the adrenal glands, are very rare in the pediatric age-group. Most oncocytic adrenal tumors are not functional. We present a rare case of right-sided, functional oncocytic adrenocortical adenoma in a 5-year-old boy, who presented with clinical manifestations of precocious puberty and Cushing syndrome. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy showed a well-defined mass weighing 8.4 g and measuring 3 cm in maximum dimension. Histological examination demonstrated no features suggestive of aggressive biological behavior. The patient showed no evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease and continued to have normal serum hormonal levels 28 months following the surgery. In this report, we discuss the clinicopathological characteristics of this rare pathological entity and briefly review the literature on functional oncocytic adrenal tumors in the pediatric population.

Adrenal Hypertension

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi D.L. Fisher ◽  
Gail K Adler
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Rare Tumor ◽  
Cushing Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aldosterone Production ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Secondary Causes ◽  
Adrenal Hypertension

The secondary causes of hypertension are associated with the excess of the principal hormones produced by the adrenal glands: cortisol, epinephrine, and aldosterone. Excess aldosterone production is recognized as primary hyperaldosteronism, or primary aldosteronism (PA). Individuals with PA are at increased risk for a variety of disorders, including atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Pheochromocytoma is a very rare tumor (accounting for fewer than one in 10,000 hypertension cases) and is marked by high secretions of catecholamines, mostly epinephrine as well as norepinephrine. Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome are addressed in a separate review. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 39 references.

The Spleen

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Schinnerer ◽  
Jayleen M Grams
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Lymphatic Organ ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

This review focuses on the normal anatomy and physiology of the spleen. The spleen functions as a hematologic organ, filtering blood, metabolizing iron, and acting as a reservoir for blood cells. The spleen, the largest lymphatic organ, also plays a key role in adaptive and innate immunity.    This review contains 7 figures of highly rendered artwork and 26 references. Key words: immune system, spleen, spleen anatomy, spleen physiology, splenectomy vaccine guidelines

scholarly journals Prognosis of Malignant Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (MAPP-Prono Study): A European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors Retrospective Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 2367-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Segolene Hescot ◽  
Maria Curras-Freixes ◽  
Timo Deutschbein ◽  
Anouk van Berkel ◽  
Delphine Vezzosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Malignant Pheochromocytoma ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
European Network

Metastatic Thymic Carcinoid: A Case Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 578-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Talton ◽  
Judith O. Hopkins ◽  
Bruce D. Walley ◽  
Edward H. Kincaid
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Thymic Carcinoid ◽  
Complete Surgical Excision ◽  
Neuroendocrine Carcinomas

Thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid) are rare tumors. They have malignant potential, the capacity for distant metastasis, and often present with associated endocrinopathies. This report describes a patient who was diagnosed with thymic carcinoid and Cushing syndrome at age 19 that, despite complete surgical excision of his tumor, developed local recurrence with distant metastases to his brain, lungs, and bone. We discuss the evolution of this patient's illness as well as the therapies used in his care. Due to the nature of these tumors to recur both locally and distant, the importance of aggressive surgical management is emphasized. We also discuss the role of adjuvant therapy, which in our case consisted of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and several new therapies including an antiangiogenesis agent and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

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