scholarly journals Risk factors for small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children: A three-dimensional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seerone Anandarajah ◽  
Raahib Dudhia ◽  
Andrew Sandham ◽  
Liselotte Sonnesen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Airway Dimensions

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze which parameters, gathered from standard orthodontic diagnostic material, were most relevant for identifying small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 105 cone beam computed tomography scans of healthy preorthodontic children (44 boys, 61 girls; mean age, 10.7 ± 2.4 years). Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Cephalometric features and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. Associations were analyzed and adjusted for age, gender, and skeletal maturity by multiple regression analyses. Results: Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were significantly smaller in prepubertal children (P < .001, P < .05, respectively) and positively associated with age (P < .001, P < .01, respectively). After adjustment of age, skeletal maturity and gender significant associations were found between pharyngeal airway dimensions and craniofacial morphology. Airway volume was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (P < .01; P < .001, respectively) and anterior face height (P < .05; P < .05, respectively). Minimal cross-sectional area was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (P < .01; P < .001, respectively) and negatively associated with sagittal jaw relationship (AnPg, P < .05). Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume (r2 = 0.36). Mandibular width and sagittal jaw relationship were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area (r2 = 0.16). Conclusion: Pharyngeal airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity, and craniofacial morphology in all three planes. Children with a reduced mandibular width and increased sagittal jaw relationship are particularly at risk of having small pharyngeal airway dimensions.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Upper Airway Dimensions in Skeletal Class Ⅱ Children and Adolescents: A CBCT Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Byounghwa Kim ◽  
Jewoo Lee ◽  
Jiyoung Ra
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Airway Dimensions

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing the upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class Ⅱ children and adolescents.In total, 67 patients were selected. Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Craniofacial morphology and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. The measurements were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis.Upper airway dimensions were significantly smaller in pre-peak stage group, and positively associated with age. Anterior facial height and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume. Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area.Upper airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity and craniofacial morphology in all three planes.

scholarly journals X-ray CT Analysis of the Cross-Section of a 3D-Printed Deformed Layer

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7764
Author(s):  
Ho-Jae Lee ◽  
Eun-A Seo ◽  
Won-Woo Kim ◽  
Jun-Mo Yang ◽  
Jae-Heum Moon
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Deformed Layer ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Cross

In this study, we experimentally analyzed the deformation shape of stacked layers developed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The nozzle traveling speed was changed to 80, 90, 100, and 110 mm/s when printing the layers to analyze its effect on layer deformation. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area and the number of layers were analyzed by printing five layers with overall dimensions of 1000 (w) × 2200 (l) × 50 (h) mm (each layer was 10 mm high) using Vernier calipers. Moreover, we analyzed the interface and cross-sectional area of layers that are difficult to confirm visually using X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) analysis. As a result of measuring the deformation at the center of the layer, it was confirmed that the deformation was greater for lower nozzle traveling speeds. Consequently, the X-ray CT analysis verified that the layer had the same cross-sectional area irrespective of the layer printing order at the same nozzle travel speed, even if the layer was deformed.

Factors affecting superficial vein visibility at the upper limb in healthy young adults: A cross-sectional observational study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 900-907
Author(s):  
Kanae Mukai ◽  
Taiga Fujii ◽  
Yukari Nakajima ◽  
Asami Ishida ◽  
Moeka Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Superficial Vein ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Gender

Objective: Venipuncture is an invasive procedure, and repeated puncture attempts may be uncomfortable or even traumatic for patients. Vein visibility is one of the most influential variables for the failure of venipuncture; however, the factors affecting vein visibility remain unclear. The present study was conducted to identify the factors influencing vein visibility at the upper limb in healthy young adults. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were included. All measurements were performed at the right arm, right cubital fossa, and right forearm. The depth and cross-sectional area of superficial veins were measured by ultrasonography. Skin color was assessed by a spectrophotometer and quantified according to Commission International d’Eclairage L*a*b* values. Results: Invisible superficial veins were significantly deeper and had a larger cross-sectional area than visible superficial veins. Skin color b* of invisible superficial veins was significantly higher than that of visible superficial veins. Vein depth, skin color b*, and gender markedly affected superficial vein visibility at the upper limb. The cutoff for vein depth was 2.3 mm (area under the curve = 0.91). Conclusion: The present results confirmed that vein depth, skin color b*, and gender strongly influenced vein visibility at the upper limb. The cutoff for vein depth was 2.3 mm.

Effect of Increasing Depth of Propofol Anesthesia on Upper Airway Configuration in Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell G. Evans ◽  
Mark W. Crawford ◽  
Michael D. Noseworthy ◽  
Shi-Joon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Airway Narrowing ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway

Background The upper airway tends to be obstructed during anesthesia in spontaneously breathing patients. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of increasing depth of propofol anesthesia on airway size and configuration in children. Methods Magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were obtained in 15 children, aged 2-6 yr. Cross-sectional area, anteroposterior dimension, and transverse dimension were measured at the level of the soft palate, dorsum of the tongue, and tip of the epiglottis. Images were obtained during infusion of propofol at a rate of 50-80 microg.kg-1.min-1 and after increasing the depth of anesthesia by administering a bolus dose of propofol and increasing the infusion rate to 240 microg.kg-1.min-1. Results Overall, the cross-sectional area of the entire pharyngeal airway decreased with increasing depth of anesthesia. The reduction in cross-sectional area was greatest at the level of the epiglottis (24.5 mm2, 95% confidence interval = 16.9-32.2 mm2; P < 0.0001), intermediate at the level of the tongue (19.3 mm2, 95% confidence interval = 9.2-29.3 mm2; P < 0.0001), and least at the level of the soft palate (12.6 mm2, 95% confidence interval = 2.7-22.6 mm2; P < 0.005) in expiration and resulted predominantly from a reduction in anteroposterior dimension. The airway cross-sectional area decreased further in inspiration at the level of the epiglottis. The narrowest portion of the airway resided at the level of the soft palate or epiglottis in the majority of children. Conclusion Increasing depth of propofol anesthesia in children is associated with upper airway narrowing that occurs throughout the entire upper airway and is most pronounced in the hypopharynx at the level of the epiglottis.

Serial measurement of cross-sectional area in peripheral vein grafts using three-dimensional ultrasound

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F Leotta ◽  
Jean F Primozich ◽  
Kirk W Beach ◽  
Robert O Bergelin ◽  
D.Eugene Strandness
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vein Grafts ◽  
Serial Measurement

Advancement of the mandible improves velopharyngeal airway patency

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 2132-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Isono ◽  
A. Tanaka ◽  
Y. Sho ◽  
A. Konno ◽  
T. Nishino
Keyword(s):  
Static Pressure ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pressure Area ◽  
Nasal Pressure

The velopharynx is the most common site of obstruction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Advancement of the mandible effectively reverses the pharyngeal obstruction. Accordingly, we hypothesized that mandibular advancement increases cross-sectional area of several segments of the upper airway, including the velopharynx and the oropharynx. We examined the pressure-area properties of the pharyngeal airway in 13 patients with OSA. Under general anesthesia and total muscle paralysis, the pharynx was visualized with an endoscope connected to a video-recording system. During an experimentally induced apnea, we manipulated the nasal pressure from 20 cmH2O to the point of total closure at the velopharynx. The procedure was repeated after maximal forward displacement of the mandible. Measurements of the cross-sectional area at different levels of nasal pressure allowed construction of a static pressure-area relationship of the “passive pharynx,” where active neuromuscular factors are suppressed. In 12 of 13 patients with OSA, advancement of the mandible stabilized the airway by reducing the closing pressure and increasing the area at any airway pressure. Thus the maneuver shifted the static pressure-area curve of the velopharynx and the oropharynx upward in these patients. We conclude that anterior movement of the mandible widens the retropalatal airway as well as that at the base of the tongue in the passive pharynx of OSA patients.

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