scholarly journals Factors Influencing Upper Airway Dimensions in Skeletal Class Ⅱ Children and Adolescents: A CBCT Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Byounghwa Kim ◽  
Jewoo Lee ◽  
Jiyoung Ra
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Airway Dimensions

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing the upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class Ⅱ children and adolescents.In total, 67 patients were selected. Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Craniofacial morphology and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. The measurements were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis.Upper airway dimensions were significantly smaller in pre-peak stage group, and positively associated with age. Anterior facial height and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume. Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area.Upper airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity and craniofacial morphology in all three planes.

scholarly journals Risk factors for small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children: A three-dimensional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seerone Anandarajah ◽  
Raahib Dudhia ◽  
Andrew Sandham ◽  
Liselotte Sonnesen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Airway Dimensions

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze which parameters, gathered from standard orthodontic diagnostic material, were most relevant for identifying small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 105 cone beam computed tomography scans of healthy preorthodontic children (44 boys, 61 girls; mean age, 10.7 ± 2.4 years). Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Cephalometric features and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. Associations were analyzed and adjusted for age, gender, and skeletal maturity by multiple regression analyses. Results: Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were significantly smaller in prepubertal children (P < .001, P < .05, respectively) and positively associated with age (P < .001, P < .01, respectively). After adjustment of age, skeletal maturity and gender significant associations were found between pharyngeal airway dimensions and craniofacial morphology. Airway volume was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (P < .01; P < .001, respectively) and anterior face height (P < .05; P < .05, respectively). Minimal cross-sectional area was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (P < .01; P < .001, respectively) and negatively associated with sagittal jaw relationship (AnPg, P < .05). Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume (r2 = 0.36). Mandibular width and sagittal jaw relationship were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area (r2 = 0.16). Conclusion: Pharyngeal airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity, and craniofacial morphology in all three planes. Children with a reduced mandibular width and increased sagittal jaw relationship are particularly at risk of having small pharyngeal airway dimensions.

scholarly journals The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 874-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iveta Indriksone ◽  
Gundega Jakobsone
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Oropharyngeal Airway ◽  
Semiautomatic Segmentation ◽  
Airway Dimensions

ABSTRACT Objective:  To evaluate the influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions in healthy adult subjects. Materials and Methods:  The records of 276 healthy 17- to 27-year-old patients were extracted from the cone-beam computed tomography image database of the Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University. Dolphin 11.7 software was used to evaluate craniofacial anatomy and semiautomatic segmentation of the upper airway. Measurements of oropharyngeal airway volume (OPV), minimal cross-sectional area (CSAmin), and nasopharyngeal airway volume (NPV) were obtained. The presence of adenoid tissues was recorded. Associations between variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors that had a possible influence on upper airway dimensions. Results:  The following factors were identified as influencing the variability of NPV (23%): SNA angle, gender, and presence of adenoids. Statistically significant, although weak, correlations were found between SNB angle and OPV (r  =  0.144, P < .05) and CSAmin (r  =  0.182, P < .01). Conclusion:  The results suggest that craniofacial morphology alone does not have a significant influence on upper airway dimensions.

Three-Dimensional Upper Airway Assessment in Treacher Collins Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre de Almeida Ribeiro ◽  
Francis Joel Smith ◽  
Hugo Nary Filho ◽  
Inge E. K. Trindade ◽  
Cristiano Tonello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Treacher Collins Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Skeletal Pattern

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the pharyngeal dimensions and the craniofacial morphology of individuals with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) when compared to vertical skeletal class II individuals. It is our hypothesis that the upper airways of individuals with TCS are reduced in view of the skeletal pattern and the maxillomandibular dysmorphologies. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 26 individuals had the pharyngeal volume (V) and minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) evaluated. Study group (TCS) was formed by 13 scans of patients with TCS (7 males and 6 females; 20.2 ± 4.7 years). Control group (CG) assembled 13 scans of nonaffected individuals with the same type of skeletal pattern (2 males and 11 females; 26.6 ± 5.4 years). Cephalometric data of maxillomandibular position, maxillomandibular dimensions, and growth pattern were assessed. Statistical analysis ( P ≤ .05) included Student t test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Although reduced, pharyngeal V and mCSA of TCS were not statistically different from the CG. On both groups, mCSA was mostly at the oropharyngeal level. Individuals with TCS presented retrognathic chin, reduced maxillomandibular dimensions, and increased clockwise rotation of the palatal plane. Maxillary and mandibular lengths were correlated with pharyngeal V and mCSA. Conclusions: The pharyngeal dimensions of individuals with TCS are impacted by the micrognathia and retrognathia. In association with the skeletal pattern, the reduction of the airways, although not statistically significant, may explain the increased prevalence of airways disorder in this syndrome.

Upper Airway 3D Changes of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate After Orthognathic Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia Sayako Yatabe-Ioshida ◽  
Letícia Dominguez Campos ◽  
Renato Yassukata Yaedu ◽  
Ivy Kiemle Trindade-Suedam
Keyword(s):  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to 3-dimensionally assess the airway characteristics of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) who underwent orthognathic surgery. Design: This was a retrospective study. Setting: The study took place at a national referral center for cleft lip and palate rehabilitation. Patients and Participants: The sample comprised cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans obtained before and after orthognathic surgery of 15 individuals (30 CBCT scans), divided into 2 groups: UCLP group (n = 9 patients/18 CBCT scans) and BCLP group (n = 6/12 CBCT scans). All patients had a nonsyndromic UCLP or BCLP and a skeletal class III malocclusion at the preoperative period. Interventions: Airway volume, pharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA), location of mCSA, sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles, and condylion-A point and condyloid-gnathion linear measurements were assessed in open-source software (ITK-SNAP and SlicerCMF). Main Outcome Measure: Airway dimensions of patients with UCLP and BCLP increase after orthognathic surgery. Results: After orthognathic surgery, UCLP group showed a significant 20% increase in nasopharynx volume. Although not significant, BCLP group also showed an increase of 18% in the same region. Minimal cross-sectional area remained dimensionally stable after surgery and was all located in the oropharynx region, on both groups. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between volume and mCSA on both groups. Conclusion: Overall, individuals with UCLP and BCLP showed an increase in the upper airway after orthognathic surgery and this might explain the breathing and sleep improvements reported by the patients after the surgery.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional analysis of upper airway morphology in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Wen ◽  
Xiyu Wang ◽  
Shuqi Qin ◽  
Lorenzo Franchi ◽  
Yan Gu
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Group ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Mandibular Asymmetry ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Group D ◽  
Inferior Limit

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the upper airway in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry and to investigate the possible underlying correlations between the morphology of the upper airway and mandibular deviation. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 54 subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB angle ≤ 0.4°, Wits ≤ −5.5°) were taken and 3D upper airway models were reconstructed using Dolphin 3D software. According to the distance (d) from symphysis menti to the sagittal plane, all subjects were divided into a symmetry group (d ≤ 2 mm) and an asymmetry group (d ≥ 4 mm). Based on the severity of mandibular deviation, the asymmetry group was divided into subgroup I (4 mm ≤d <10 mm) and subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm). Cross-sectional linear distances, areas, and volumetric variables of the upper airway were measured in the 3D airway model. Results: Width of the inferior limit of the glossopharynx (P3W), cross-sectional area of the anterior limit of the nasal airway (P5S), and height of the glossopharynx (GPH) in the asymmetry group were significantly larger than in the symmetry group. As for subjects with severe mandibular deviation in subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm), volume of the glossopharynx (GPV), total volume of the pharynx (TPV), length of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L), and ratio of length to width of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L/P2W) showed significantly negative correlations with mandibular deviation (r > 0.7, P < .05). Conclusions: In Class III subjects with severe mandibular asymmetry, the pharyngeal airway showed a tendency toward constriction and presented a more elliptical shape as mandibular deviation became more severe (P < .01).

Effect of Combined Mouth Closure and Chin Lift on Upper Airway Dimensions during Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pediatric Patients Sedated with Propofol

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1617-1623. ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Reber ◽  
Stephan G. Wetzel ◽  
Karl Schnabel ◽  
Georg Bongartz ◽  
Franz J. Frei
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Propofol Sedation ◽  
Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Airway Dimensions

Background In pediatric patients, obstruction of the upper airway is a common problem during general anesthesia. Chin lift is a commonly used technique to improve upper airway patency. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this technique. Methods The authors studied the effect of the chin lift maneuver on airway dimensions in 10 spontaneously breathing children (aged 2-11 yr) sedated with propofol during routine magnetic resonance imaging. The minimal anteroposterior and corresponding transverse diameters of the pharynx were determined at the levels of the soft palate, dorsum of the tongue, and tip of the epiglottis before and during the chin lift maneuver. Additionally, cross-sectional areas were calculated at these sites, including tracheal areas 2 cm below the glottic level. Results Minimal anteroposterior diameter of the pharynx increased significantly during chin lift at all three levels in all patients. The diameters of the soft palate, tongue, and epiglottis increased from 6.7+/-2.8 mm (SD) to 9.9+/-3.6 mm, from 9.6+/-3.6 mm to 16.5+/-3.1 mm, and from 4.6+/-2.5 mm to 13.1+/-2.8 mm, respectively. The corresponding transverse diameter of the pharynx also increased significantly at all three levels in all patients but without significant predominance. The diameters at the levels of the soft palate, tongue, and epiglottis increased from 15.8+/-5.1 mm to 22.8+/-4.5 mm, from 13.5+/-4.9 mm to 18.7+/-5.3 mm, and from 17.2+/-3.9 mm to 21.2+/-3.7 mm, respectively. Cross-sectional pharyngeal areas increased significantly at all levels (soft palate, from 0.88+/-0.58 cm2 to 1.79+/-0.82 cm2; tongue, from 1.15+/-0.45 cm2 to 2.99+/-1.30 cm2; epiglottis, from 1.17+/-0.70 cm2 to 3.04+/-0.99 cm2), including the subglottic level (from 0.44+/-0.15 cm2 to 0.50+/-0.14 cm2). Conclusions This study shows that all children had a preserved upper airway at all measured sites during propofol sedation. Chin lift caused a widening of the entire pharyngeal airway that was most pronounced between the tip of the epiglottis and the posterior pharyngeal wall. In pediatric patients, chin lift may be used as a standard procedure during propofol sedation.

scholarly journals Mandibular morphology and pharyngeal airway space: A cephalometric study

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Mehta ◽  
Surendra Lodha ◽  
Ashima Valiathan ◽  
Arun Urala
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandibular Prognathism ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mandibular Morphology ◽  
Mandibular Retrognathism

Introduction Mandibular retrognathism is considered to be the most important risk factor for upper airway obstruction. Aim This cross-sectional study intended to examine the relationship between craniofacial morphology and the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in patients with mandibular retrognathism and mandibular prognathism, when compared to normal subjects. The study also analyzed the influence of mandibular morphology on pharyngeal length (PL). Materials and Methods The PAS was assessed in 92 females (age 15-30 years) further divided into three groups - Group 1- normal mandible (76°≤ SNB ≤82°; n = 31); Group 2-mandibular retrognathism (SNB <76°; n = 31); Group 3-Mandibular prognathism (SNB >82°; n = 30). All subjects were examined by lateral cephalometry with head position standardized using an inclinometer. Craniocervical angulation, uvula length, thickness and angulation were compared among different groups. Results The results showed no statistically significant difference in the pharyngeal airway between the three groups. Measurements of PL showed statistically significant higher values for retrognathic mandible group than normal and prognathic mandible group. Conclusion There is no significant difference between PAS between patients with mandibular retrognathism, normal mandible and mandibular prognathism. Mandibular retrognathism patients show a significantly higher uvula angulation than patients with mandibular prognathism. Craniocervical angulation showed maximum value in retrognathic mandible group followed by normal and prognathic mandible group respectively. Mean PL for retrognathic mandible patients was significantly higher than prognathic mandible patients.

scholarly journals Tongue and Upper Airway Dimensions: A Comparative Study between Three Popular Brachycephalic Breeds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Johannes Sebastian Siedenburg ◽  
Gilles Dupré
Keyword(s):  
Soft Palate ◽  
Hard Palate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
French And English ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Tongue Volume ◽  
Airway Dimensions

Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels: 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.

scholarly journals Craniofacial Morphology and Upper Airway Dimensions in Patients with Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Compared to Healthy Controls

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte Sonnesen ◽  
Tessie Pawlik ◽  
Eva Fejerskov Lauridsen ◽  
Letícia Caroline Condolo ◽  
Priscila de Camargo Smolarek
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Craniofacial Morphology ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Airway Dimensions
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