A Measurement of Efficiency for Internal Organization a Study of the Three Japanese Public Corporations

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Eisuke Sakakibara ◽  
Taizo Yakushiji
Keyword(s):  
Internal Organization ◽  
Public Corporations

Democratic Centralisms—Plural? A Comparative Analysis of Functional Communism in the French and Italian Communist Party Federations of Var and Gorizia, 1956

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-54
Author(s):  
Fiona Haig
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Internal Dynamic ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Democratic Centralism ◽  
Pyramidal Model

Democratic centralism was the Leninist-Bolshevik pyramidal model of internal organization in operation in all communist parties for most of the 20th century. Thus far, the question of whether it functioned consistently across the non-ruling parties has not been addressed explicitly or systematically. This article examines the implementation of this essential internal dynamic in a French and an Italian communist party federation in the early postwar period. Drawing on new personal testimonies from more than 50 informants, and inedita archival evidence, this analysis reveals not only similarities but also clear functional disparities between the two cases.

Management by values and goals: innovative development of public corporations

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
OLGA A. TOLPEGINA ◽  
◽  
EKATERINA I. RUDENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
New Business ◽  
Global Goal ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Low Efficiency

The article proposes a methodology for assessing the innovative activity of a company, one of the areas of values of state corporations: «Innovation, innovative development, the ability to upgrade». To evaluate the effectiveness, the principle of decomposition of a global goal was used with its replacement for individual specific tasks according to the designated functional subsystems and objects (blocks) of assessment, which together give a generalized description of technological, technical innovations, their development and use, implementation of the latest digital information technologies, results intellectual research, the development of new business processes, management methods, organizational forms in business practice, as well as ability to sustainable renovation, improvement and prospects for innovative growth of the company and its sustainable renewal.The scoring methodology using the developed criteria boundaries of efficiency from ambitious to low efficiency and with assignment of significance scales by expert means involves the inclusion in each assessment block of six to fifteen traditional and composite author’s indicators, the complexity of which is determined by the complexity of the subject of the study and the described process. The methodology is universal in nature, can be used for large corporations and small companies according to a reduced set of indicators, it can be used in determining ratings.

An Analysis of Segment Disclosures under SFAS No. 131 and SFAS No. 14

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Herrmann ◽  
Wayne B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Segment Reporting ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Geographic Segment Disclosures ◽  
Segment Disclosures ◽  
Number Of Firms ◽  
Segment Information

The purpose of this paper is to compare the segment reporting disclosures under SFAS No. 131 with those reported the previous year under SFAS No. 14. Under SFAS No. 131, firms are required to report segments consistent with the way in which management organizes the business internally. In addition, the accounting items disclosed for each segment are defined consistent with internal segment information used to assess segment performance. For many companies, this represents a significant change from the approach used to report segments under SFAS No. 14. Under SFAS No. 14, firms were required to disclose segment information by both line-of-business and geographic area with no specific link to the internal organization of the company or the measurements that were used for internal decision making. As a result, many complained that the resulting disclosures were highly aggregated and of limited use for decision-making purposes. We find that the change in segment reporting requirements under SFAS No. 131 has made a relatively significant impact on the disclosure of segment information. Over two-thirds of the sample firms have redefined their primary operating segments upon adopting SFAS No. 131. There has also been an increase in the number of firms providing segment disclosures and companies are disclosing more items for each operating segment. For enterprise-wide disclosures, the proportion of country-level geographic segment disclosures has increased, while the proportion of broader geographic area segment disclosures has decreased. However, the number of firms reporting earnings by geographic area has declined greatly as this item is no longer required to be disclosed for firms reporting on a basis other than geographic area.

scholarly journals Hybrid Biopolymer and Lipid Nanoparticles with Improved Transfection Efficacy for mRNA

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian D. Siewert ◽  
Heinrich Haas ◽  
Vera Cornet ◽  
Sara S. Nogueira ◽  
Thomas Nawroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymer Mixture ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Transfection Efficacy

Hybrid nanoparticles from lipidic and polymeric components were assembled to serve as vehicles for the transfection of messenger RNA (mRNA) using different portions of the cationic lipid DOTAP (1,2-Dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane) and the cationic biopolymer protamine as model systems. Two different sequential assembly approaches in comparison with a direct single-step protocol were applied, and molecular organization in correlation with biological activity of the resulting nanoparticle systems was investigated. Differences in the structure of the nanoparticles were revealed by thorough physicochemical characterization including small angle neutron scattering (SANS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). All hybrid systems, combining lipid and polymer, displayed significantly increased transfection in comparison to lipid/mRNA and polymer/mRNA particles alone. For the hybrid nanoparticles, characteristic differences regarding the internal organization, release characteristics, and activity were determined depending on the assembly route. The systems with the highest transfection efficacy were characterized by a heterogenous internal organization, accompanied by facilitated release. Such a system could be best obtained by the single step protocol, starting with a lipid and polymer mixture for nanoparticle formation.

Non-arbitrariness, rule of law and the ‘margin of appreciation’: Comments on Andreas Follesdal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
GIANLUIGI PALOMBELLA
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Margin Of Appreciation ◽  
Principle Of Legality

AbstractCan citizens’ interest in non-domination be satisfied by the principle of legality and the guarantee of non-arbitrariness? This comment argues that the rule of law requires an internal organization of law that entails an additional positive law, through conventions, common law, judicial precedents or constitutions, which the sovereign cannot legally override. In the supranational context, the rule of law requires an equilibrium of consideration and respect between different legalities by avoiding a legal monopoly of a supreme authority and fostering the interaction among orders based on content-dependent reasons. The same applies to the relations between the ECtHR and member states. The margin of appreciation, taken as a reminder of the complexities of international institutional relationships, embodies a non-domination caveat to consider (the reasons from) the ‘normativities’ of different orders. Nonetheless, as an argumentative tool of the Court, it allows for an often-disputed discretion. Accordingly, better refined guidelines and justifications are required.

THE DETERMINANTS OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION IN FAMILY-CONTROLLED PUBLIC CORPORATIONS.

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Gomez-Mejia ◽  
M. Larraza-Kintana ◽  
M. Makri
Keyword(s):  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Public Corporations
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