PHENOMENON OF DEMIKHOV. At N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute (1960–1986). Paradigm shift in homologous organ transplantation: from overcoming biological incompatibility to artificial immunological tolerance (1960–1970)

The analysis of literature on experimental and clinical transplantation for the period of the 1968–1969 demonstrated that in the period from 1960 to 1970 the world transplantation saw a paradigm change in the field of homoorgan transplant: instead of overcoming the incompatibility between the donor organ and the recipient's body by using biological and physiological methods to influence the organ, which V.P. Demikhov had been dealing with for many years; surgeons and scientists, first abroad, and then in the USSR started developing and applying the creation of artificial immunological tolerance by using various physical, chemical and biological methods to impact recipient's body. The change of paradigms significantly influenced the implementation of organ transplantation techniques in clinic, including those of vital organs, and the further development of clinical transplantology. The data on the first heart transplants in 1968 and lung transplants in 1963–1970 have been presented.

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Status of Insurance Coverage for Organ Transplants in the United States: A Review of Recent Surveys

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462300002646 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 563-570

Author(s):

Fred J. Hellinger

Keyword(s):

Organ Transplantation ◽

New Technologies ◽

The United States ◽

Health Maintenance Organizations ◽

Heart Transplants ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Blue Cross Blue Shield ◽

Lung Transplants ◽

Blue Shield ◽

Health Insurers

The economic, political, ethical, and medical issues surrounding organ transplantation are complex, and coverage policies for it vary considerably among insurers. Some insurers cover virtually all transplants, while others cover few or none (Wyoming Medicaid does not cover any transplants) (3;4;5;6;7). In the past, insurers have followed Medicare's lead regarding coverage of new technologies. This has not been the case with organ transplantation. Although Medicare does not cover heart transplants, almost all Blue Cross/Blue Shield plans and commercial health insurers, as well as one-half of the state Medicaid plans and one-third of the Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), do cover heart transplants. (See note, p. 570.) In addition, although Medicare does not cover heart–lung transplants, a substantial proportion of Blue Cross/Blue Shield plans, commercial health insurers, state Medicaid plans, and HMOs cover it. At present, Medicare covers kidney and cornea transplants, selected pediatric liver transplants, and selected bone marrow transplants.

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Book Review Living Donor Organ Transplantation Edited by Rainer W.G. Gruessner and Enrico Benedetti. 791 pp., illustrated. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2008. $205. 978-0-07-145549-7

New England Journal of Medicine ◽

10.1056/nejmbkrev0804312 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 359 (3) ◽

pp. 324-325

Author(s):

Patricia L. Adams

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Organ Transplantation ◽

Living Donor ◽

Donor Organ

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Future of Solid Organ Transplantation: Organ-Specific Tolerance

KIDNEYS ◽

10.22141/2307-1257.10.3.2021.239589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 130-136

Author(s):

Yusuf Ercin Sonmez

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Solid Organ Transplantation ◽

Organ Transplant ◽

Immunological Tolerance ◽

The Body ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Donor Organ ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Specific Tolerance

A transplant between two people who are not genetically identical is called an allotransplant and the process is called allotransplantation. Donor organs and tissues can be from people who are living, or people who have died because of a significant brain injury or lack of circulation. Allotransplantation can create a rejection process where the immune system of the recipient attacks the foreign donor organ or tissue and destroys it. The recipient may need to take immunosuppressive medication for the rest of their life to reduce the risk of rejection of the donated organ. In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant. The adverse effects associated with these agents and the risks of long-term immunosuppression present a number of challenges for the clinician. Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism.

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