Nineteenth-Century Anthropology and the Measurement of “Mongolian” Skin Color

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Far East ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Western Imagination

This chapter examines how the “yellow race” became an important focus in nineteenth-century anthropology. More specifically, it considers how the whole notion of skin tone had become inextricably linked to scientifically validated prejudices and normative claims about higher and lower forms of human culture. The chapter first discusses why the term “Mongolian” was selected to represent the people of the Far East and compares it to “Tartar” before exploring how the new field of anthropology became preoccupied with the idea of anatomical quantification, and especially the measurement of skin color using an instrument known as the color top. It shows that the desire to find yellowness in East Asians was so ingrained in the Western imagination that some anthropologists tried to prove that their skin really was yellow.

No Longer White

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Yellow Peril ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Mongolian Spot ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Important Shift

This book investigates when and how East Asians became yellow in the Western imagination. It follows a trajectory that emphasizes an important shift in thinking about race during the course of the eighteenth century, when new sorts of human taxonomies began to appear and new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, were put forward. It also examines how the “yellow race” and “Mongolian” bodies became important subjects in nineteenth-century anthropology and medicine, respectively. “Mongolian” bodies, for example, were linked to certain conditions thought to be endemic in—or in some way associated with—the race as a whole, including the “Mongolian eye,” the “Mongolian spot,” and “Mongolism” (now known as Down syndrome). Finally, the book considers how the Far East came to be seen as a “yellow peril,” a term coined in 1895 and often attributed to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Taxonomies of Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
French Physician

This chapter focuses on the emergence of new sorts of human taxonomies as well as new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, during the course of the eighteenth century, as well as their racial implications. It first considers the theory advanced in 1684 by the French physician and traveler François Bernier, who proposed a “new division of the Earth, according to the different species or races of man which inhabit it.” One of these races, he suggested, was yellow. Then in 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Systema naturae, in which he categorized homo sapiens into four different skin colors. Finally, at the end of the eighteenth century, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, also a physician and the founder of comparative anatomy, declared that the people of the Far East were a yellow race, as distinct from the white “Caucasian” one.

scholarly journals The ‘standard of civilization’ in international law: Intellectual perspectives from pre-war Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahabuddin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Far East ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Western World ◽  
European Standard ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Historical Pattern ◽  
National Spirit ◽  
Opening Up

AbstractThis article establishes the normative connection between Japan’s responses to regional hegemonic order prior to the nineteenth century and its subsequent engagement with the European standard of civilization. I argue that the Japanese understanding of the ‘standard of civilization’ in the nineteenth century was informed by the historical pattern of its responses to hegemony and the discourse on cultural superiority in the Far East that shifted from Sinocentrism to the unbroken Imperial lineage to the national-spirit. Although Japanese scholars accepted and engaged with the European standard of civilization after the forced opening up of Japan to the Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, they did so for instrumental purposes and soon translated ‘civilization’ into a language of imperialism to reassert supremacy in the region. Through intellectual historiography, this narrative contextualizes Japan’s engagement with the European standard of civilization, and offers an analytical framework not only to go beyond Eurocentrism but also to identify various other loci of hegemony, which are connected through the same language of power.

scholarly journals Employment issues in the modern Russia: five urgent matters

2017 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
A. G. Aganbegyan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Far East ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People

The employment issues existing in contemporary Russia including its socio-demographic, economic and regional dimensions are considered. It is argued and substantiated that priority strategies to cope with these issues include: reduction of unemployment and handling of the unemployment benefits’ payments; prevention of the labor force decreasing; including informal (unreported) employment into the public statistical accounting; providing for the people inflow to and increasing employment of those living in Siberia and the Far East of Russia; organization of 25 million high-productive jobs in the national economy.

scholarly journals Real Time Opinion Mining and Analysis of Twitter Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
K Senthil Kumar ◽  
Mohammad Musab Trumboo ◽  
Vaibhav . ◽  
Satyajai Ahlawat
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Opinion Mining ◽  
Far East ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Mass Information

This era, in which we currently stand, is an era of public opinion and mass information. People from all around the globe are joined together through various information junctions to create a global community, where one thing from the far east reaches to the people of the far west within seconds. Nothing is hidden, everything and anything can be scrutinized to its core and through these global criticisms and mass discussions of gigantic magnitude, we have reached to the pinnacle of correct decisions and better choices. These pseudo social groups and data junctions have bombarded our society so much that they now hold the forelock of our opinions and sentiments, ergo, we reach out to these groups to achieve a better outcome. But, all this enormous data and all these opinions cannot be researched by a single person, hence, comes the need of sentiment analysis. In this paper we’ll try to accomplish this by creating a system that will enable us to fetch tweets from twitter and use those tweets against a lexical database which will create a training set and then compare it with the pre-fetched tweets. Through this we will be able to assign a polarity to all the tweets by means of which we can address them as negative, positive or neutral and this is the very foundation of sentiment analysis, so subtle yet so magnificent.  

Early Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and the Far East

1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Clinton Harvey Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The Far East

Between the glamorous galleons of the sixteenth century and the flashing fighter planes of the 1940’s—which were the Mexican commercial and military introductions to the Far East—came the less brilliant but more permanent diplomatic orientation toward the Far East on the part of Mexico during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Mythological context of folk etymology: hydronyms and oronyms in the Khakass non-fairy prose

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
V. V. Mindibekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
White River ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time

The author analyzes the main types of plots of toponymic legends that have become wide-spread among the Khakass people and are of artistic and historical value. The toponymic space of the Khakass non-fairy prose is considered for the first time. Of particular interest are the toponymic legends about rivers and lakes. The toponymic legends about the mountains are no less diverse in their composition. Stories explaining the origin of the names of various ob-jects in the area play a significant role in the non-fairy prose. The research is based on the ma-terial of the volume “Khakas non-fairy prose” of the academic series “Monuments of Folklore of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East” (2016). The study has identified the genre, textological and linguistic features of toponymic legends. Toponyms reflect the geographical features of the area. The legends contain terms reflecting flora and fauna of the steppe area and the rich world of nature. The image plays an important role in characterizing the topo-nyms and distinguishing between natural objects (the rivers Кim “Yenisei,” Agban “Abakan,” Ah Uus “White River,” Khara Uus “Black River,” Saraa adai kol “Lake of the Yellow Dog”). Toponyms can also include numbers with a specific meaning. Toponymic legends are consid-ered to be one of the most important sources for studying the material and spiritual culture of the people. Folklore toponyms are extremely rich and unique material, which can be used to investigate the toponymic system of the non-fairy prose of the Khakass people.

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