Taxonomies of Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
French Physician

This chapter focuses on the emergence of new sorts of human taxonomies as well as new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, during the course of the eighteenth century, as well as their racial implications. It first considers the theory advanced in 1684 by the French physician and traveler François Bernier, who proposed a “new division of the Earth, according to the different species or races of man which inhabit it.” One of these races, he suggested, was yellow. Then in 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Systema naturae, in which he categorized homo sapiens into four different skin colors. Finally, at the end of the eighteenth century, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, also a physician and the founder of comparative anatomy, declared that the people of the Far East were a yellow race, as distinct from the white “Caucasian” one.

No Longer White

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Yellow Peril ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Mongolian Spot ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Important Shift

This book investigates when and how East Asians became yellow in the Western imagination. It follows a trajectory that emphasizes an important shift in thinking about race during the course of the eighteenth century, when new sorts of human taxonomies began to appear and new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, were put forward. It also examines how the “yellow race” and “Mongolian” bodies became important subjects in nineteenth-century anthropology and medicine, respectively. “Mongolian” bodies, for example, were linked to certain conditions thought to be endemic in—or in some way associated with—the race as a whole, including the “Mongolian eye,” the “Mongolian spot,” and “Mongolism” (now known as Down syndrome). Finally, the book considers how the Far East came to be seen as a “yellow peril,” a term coined in 1895 and often attributed to Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.

Nineteenth-Century Anthropology and the Measurement of “Mongolian” Skin Color

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Far East ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Western Imagination

This chapter examines how the “yellow race” became an important focus in nineteenth-century anthropology. More specifically, it considers how the whole notion of skin tone had become inextricably linked to scientifically validated prejudices and normative claims about higher and lower forms of human culture. The chapter first discusses why the term “Mongolian” was selected to represent the people of the Far East and compares it to “Tartar” before exploring how the new field of anthropology became preoccupied with the idea of anatomical quantification, and especially the measurement of skin color using an instrument known as the color top. It shows that the desire to find yellowness in East Asians was so ingrained in the Western imagination that some anthropologists tried to prove that their skin really was yellow.

Before They Were Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Far East ◽  
White People ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Asian People

This chapter examines how East Asians were seen by medieval travel narrators and missionaries before they became yellow at the end of the eighteenth century. The story begins in 1511, when the Portuguese established a permanent outpost for East Asian trade at Malacca. Persistent rumors of “white” people in the Far East had turned into a reality, as both Chinese and Japanese (as well as Arabs and other East Asians) became a common sight. The “whiteness” of these people was constantly highlighted as a term that described their presumed level of civilization. The chapter considers a number of surviving accounts by merchants and (later) missionaries that are full of references to the whiteness of both Chinese and Japanese natives, including those attributed to Tomé Pires and Duarte Barbosa. It also explores how Western descriptions of East Asian people shifted from calling them white to calling them yellow.

scholarly journals Employment issues in the modern Russia: five urgent matters

2017 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
A. G. Aganbegyan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Far East ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People

The employment issues existing in contemporary Russia including its socio-demographic, economic and regional dimensions are considered. It is argued and substantiated that priority strategies to cope with these issues include: reduction of unemployment and handling of the unemployment benefits’ payments; prevention of the labor force decreasing; including informal (unreported) employment into the public statistical accounting; providing for the people inflow to and increasing employment of those living in Siberia and the Far East of Russia; organization of 25 million high-productive jobs in the national economy.

Human Taxonomies: Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Travel in Asia and the Classification of Man

Itinerario ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 218-242
Author(s):  
Christina Skott
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
Eyewitness Reports

AbstractThis article looks at ways in which Swedish travel to Asia informed the classification of man in the work of Carl Linnaeus. In the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758), Linnaeus made substantial changes to his earlier taxonomy of humans. Through two case studies, it is argued that these changes to a great extent were prompted by fresh Swedish eyewitness reports from China and Southeast Asia. The informants for the Homo asiaticus, a variety of Homo sapiens, and a proposed new species of humans, Homo nocturnus (or troglodytes), were all associated with the Swedish East India Company. The botanical contribution by men trained in the Linnaean method travelling on the company's ships has long been acknowledged. In contrast to the systematic collecting of botanical material, Swedish descriptions of Asia's human inhabitants were often inconclusive, reflecting the circumstances of the trade encounter. Linnaeus also relied on older observations made by countrymen, and his human taxonomies also highlight the role of travel literature in eighteenth-century anthropology.

scholarly journals Real Time Opinion Mining and Analysis of Twitter Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
K Senthil Kumar ◽  
Mohammad Musab Trumboo ◽  
Vaibhav . ◽  
Satyajai Ahlawat
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Opinion Mining ◽  
Far East ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Mass Information

This era, in which we currently stand, is an era of public opinion and mass information. People from all around the globe are joined together through various information junctions to create a global community, where one thing from the far east reaches to the people of the far west within seconds. Nothing is hidden, everything and anything can be scrutinized to its core and through these global criticisms and mass discussions of gigantic magnitude, we have reached to the pinnacle of correct decisions and better choices. These pseudo social groups and data junctions have bombarded our society so much that they now hold the forelock of our opinions and sentiments, ergo, we reach out to these groups to achieve a better outcome. But, all this enormous data and all these opinions cannot be researched by a single person, hence, comes the need of sentiment analysis. In this paper we’ll try to accomplish this by creating a system that will enable us to fetch tweets from twitter and use those tweets against a lexical database which will create a training set and then compare it with the pre-fetched tweets. Through this we will be able to assign a polarity to all the tweets by means of which we can address them as negative, positive or neutral and this is the very foundation of sentiment analysis, so subtle yet so magnificent.  

scholarly journals Mythological context of folk etymology: hydronyms and oronyms in the Khakass non-fairy prose

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
V. V. Mindibekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
White River ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time

The author analyzes the main types of plots of toponymic legends that have become wide-spread among the Khakass people and are of artistic and historical value. The toponymic space of the Khakass non-fairy prose is considered for the first time. Of particular interest are the toponymic legends about rivers and lakes. The toponymic legends about the mountains are no less diverse in their composition. Stories explaining the origin of the names of various ob-jects in the area play a significant role in the non-fairy prose. The research is based on the ma-terial of the volume “Khakas non-fairy prose” of the academic series “Monuments of Folklore of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East” (2016). The study has identified the genre, textological and linguistic features of toponymic legends. Toponyms reflect the geographical features of the area. The legends contain terms reflecting flora and fauna of the steppe area and the rich world of nature. The image plays an important role in characterizing the topo-nyms and distinguishing between natural objects (the rivers Кim “Yenisei,” Agban “Abakan,” Ah Uus “White River,” Khara Uus “Black River,” Saraa adai kol “Lake of the Yellow Dog”). Toponyms can also include numbers with a specific meaning. Toponymic legends are consid-ered to be one of the most important sources for studying the material and spiritual culture of the people. Folklore toponyms are extremely rich and unique material, which can be used to investigate the toponymic system of the non-fairy prose of the Khakass people.

scholarly journals The Russian China in the Last D. A. Prigov’s Novel

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-165
Author(s):  
E. V. Kapinos
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
John Wilkins

The article relates to the last novel by D. A. Prigov “Katya the Chinese” (published in 2007), based on the memories of the writer’s wife, N. G. Burova from Harbin, who was born and grew up in the Russian China and left it in 1950s. The main task of the article is to show what stylistic techniques, plots, motives, subtexts allow to recreate the atmosphere of the Russian China and the generalized image of the East. The narration synthesizes the memories of the people of Harbin and recognizable storylines of D. A. Prigov’s work (such, for example, as a fantastic bestiary). In the subtext of the novel the following works are found: feuilleton by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “Nikudykin the Commtied”, pro- totyped by the “futurist of life” V. Goltsshmidt, who traveled in 1918–1920s with lectures on Siberia and the Far East, V. Nabokov’s novel “The Gift” with his father’s Asian journey (the plot about his father in “The Gift” influenced the plot about the girl’s father in “Katya the Chinese”), the “Chinese” stories by J. L. Borges “The Garden of Forking Paths” and “The Analytical language of John Wilkins”, etc. In Prigov’s narrative, a particular role is played by an autobiographical excerpt about the Tashkent artist A. N. Volkov and an insertion novel about the “Monastery of Flying Cats”, in- tentionally inaccurately stylized by Prigov as a Chinese legend. Many motifs and subtexts of the novel pass through the prism of the child’s consciousness (the “girl’s”, who is the main character of the novel), which gives the image of the Russian East, along with documentary, fantastic features.

From Physiology to Classification: Comparative Anatomy and Vicq d'Azyr's Plan of Reform for Life Sciences and Medicine (1774–1794)

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Ambitious Program ◽  
French Physician

ArgumentHere I analyze the anatomical thought of the French physician and naturalist Félix Vicq d'Azyr (1748–1794) in order to bring to light its importance in the development of comparative anatomy at the end of the eighteenth century. I argue that his work and career can be understood as an ambitious program for a radical reform of all biomedical sciences and a reorganization of this whole field around comparative anatomy, on the conceptual as well as the institutional level. In particular, he recommended a close connection between anatomical and physiological studies, and a generalization of the comparative approach towards organs and functions in man and animals. This conception led him not only to reform the scope, the methods, the style of description, and the vocabulary in anatomy, but also to construct a new classification of living beings and to pursue a quest for laws of organization. This strategy was successful, since Vicq d'Azyr was able to promote his thought as well as his institutional position efficiently. The Revolution and his untimely death prevented him from achieving his program, but his attempt would serve as an example for younger scientists like Cuvier.

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