Creating a Republican Executive

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Michael W. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Practical Scheme

This chapter refers to the Articles of Confederation, which governed the new United States until the adoption of the Constitution in 1788. It elaborates how the national government had no executive branch, only a Congress and a tiny judiciary for maritime cases under the Articles of Confederation. It also talks about executive functions that were carried out by Congress, committees of Congress, or ministers appointed by and accountable to Congress. The chapter recounts the development of a new constitution that includes a real executive by the late 1780s. It mentions the framers, who had long experience in colonial legislatures, making it relatively easy for them to draft a practical scheme for the legislative branch.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between October 1, 1939, and April 11, 1940

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-518
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Reorganization Plan

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or Reorganization Plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.A. Reorganization Plan No. III, under authority of the act of April 3, 1939 (53 Stat. L. 561), was transmitted to Congress on April 2, 1940; it will become effective 60 calendar days thereafter; a resolution disapproving the plan was adopted by the House of Representatives, but was rejected by the Senate. The changes made by this plan are as follows:Administrator of Civil Aëronautics. The designation of the Administrator of the Civil Aëronautics Authority is changed to Administrator of Civil Aëronautics.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between August 1, 1936, and May 31, 1937

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-702
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Executive Order

As in previous lists, mention is here made only of units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order under general authority vested in him.Advisory Committee of the Coast Guard Academy. Created by Public No. 38, 75th Congress, approved April 16, 1937, to examine the course of instruction and to advise the Secretary of the Treasury in regard thereto. Committee will consist of five “persons of distinction in the field of education,” who shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury and who shall serve without pay, but who shall be reimbursed for actual expenses of travel.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between June 1 and July 15, 1938

1938 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-935
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Interstate Commerce Commission ◽  
Interstate Commerce ◽  
Department Of Commerce

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.Air Commerce Bureau, Department of Commerce. Duties transferred to Civil Aëronautics Authority by Civil Aëronautics Act of 1938 (Public Act No. 706, 75th Congress), approved June 23, 1938.Air Mail Bureau, Interstate Commerce Commission. Duties transferred to Civil Aëronautics Authority by Civil Aëronautics Act of 1938 (Public Act No. 706, 75th Congress), approved June 23, 1938.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between April 1 and July 15, 1941

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-924
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or reorganization plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between July 16,1938, and April 25, 1939

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-455
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States. A Tabular View Showing Changes Made Between March 4 and November 1, 1933

1933 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 942-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Post Office ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Postal Services ◽  
Attorneys General ◽  
The Military

Exceptionally rapid and drastic changes in the functional and structural aspects of the executive branch of the national government of the United States since the advent of the Roosevelt administration tend to leave the observer in a condition of bewilderment, from which he may to some degree be rescued by the guide furnished below. The outline was prepared by the staff of the Institute for Government Research of the Brookings Institution of Washington, and covers all major units of the Executive Departments with the exception of those in the Department of Justice and in the Post Office Department and those supervising the military and naval activities in the War and Navy Departments. For the Department of Justice and the Post Office Department, the supervisory units headed by the assistant attorneys-general and the assistant postmasters-general are included in the terms “Legal Services” and “Postal Services.” For the War and Navy Departments, the designations “Military Services” and “Naval Services” include all of the units supervising these branches. The outline includes also the independent establishments, and in some cases subordinate units are listed. The emergency organizations listed include only units specifically authorized by law or established by the President under general authority vested in him. There are also boards, corporations, and committees which operate with or are advisory to many of the units listed, and in addition some duties have been delegated to existing agencies which have not created separate units for extra work.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between October 15, 1935, and April 15, 1936

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-548
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Executive Order

As in previous lists, mention is here made only of units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order under general authority vested in him.Board of Survey and Maps. This board, which is composed entirely of representatives of government agencies, was originally created by Executive Order No. 3206 of December 30, 1919. Various changes in membership have been made by subsequent orders. Executive Order No. 7262 of January 4, 1936, again defines its membership, which consists of representatives of 24 agencies.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between April 26 and May 31, 1939

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-653
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or Reorganization Plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.

scholarly journals The Fourth Branch of Government: How Direct Democracy is Altering the Structure of State Governments

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Thomas Helgerman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Set Up

This paper aims to explore how direct democracy (i.e. the initiative and referendum) affect the balance of power in state governments. Traditionally, like the federal government, state governments consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Due to a complex system of checks and balances, one branch cannot become too powerful, adhering to an anti-monarchy sentiment of the founders of the United States. In this set-up, the legislative branch is responsible for creating policy, the executive branch is responsible for implementing it, and the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting it. My thesis is that direct democracy, by allowing the populous to directly implement policy without bearing the responsibility for their actions as politicians do, undermines the legislative branch and therefore representative democracy itself, leading to irresponsible legislation that is not subject to the scrutiny of the United States political process.

Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between June 1 and September 30, 1939

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044-1049
Author(s):  
L. F. Schmeckebier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
National Government ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Administrative Personnel

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or Reorganization Plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Created by Public No. 299, 76th Congress, approved August 7,1939, effective 90 days thereafter. This office has charge of all administrative matters relating to the offices of clerks and administrative personnel of the courts, the disbursement of appropriations, and the preparation of budget estimates; this work having been formerly in the Department of Justice.

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