Biomass ash-based heterogeneous catalysts to produce fatty acid methyl esters from waste cooking oil.

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

Download Full-text

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.322 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1113 ◽

pp. 322-327

Author(s):

Norkamruzita Saadon ◽

Nor Ashikin Mohd Yusof ◽

Noraini Razali ◽

Marshahida Mat Yashim ◽

Amira Khairin Roslan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Methyl

Biodiesel is clear liquid with a light to dark yellow color. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that are attractive because of its favorable characteristics such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, carbon neutral and low emission. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a type of biodiesel. In this study, it was produced by using transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) which was reacted with methanol and heterogeneous catalyst. The two heterogeneous catalysts that were used in this study were sodium (Na) metal hydroxide supported on oil palm frond (OPF) and Na metal supported on oil palm kernel shell (OPKS). The support metal used was sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). OPF and OPKS were used as they are the major residues obtained from the oil palm plantation that covers approximately 14.72% of Malaysian’s total landmass. The parameters that in this study were the reaction temperatures of the transesterification process from 30°C to 60°C and the catalyst loading from 0.5wt% to 3wt%. The reaction time and ratio methanol to oil were kept constant which were 4 hours and 1:10 respectively. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of two different heterogeneous catalysts on both temperature and catalyst loading on the yield production of FAME. The results were obtained by using GCMS analysis. From the experiment that was conducted, the results of FAME production by using two different catalysts indicate that the higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the production of FAME which is at 60°C. It also shows that the percentage yield of FAME increases with the increase of catalyst loading until it reaches the best value which is at 1wt%.

Download Full-text

Efficiency of different additives in improvement of oxidation stability of fatty acid methyl esters with different properties

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc210209029r ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 29-29

Author(s):

Milica Rankov-Sicar ◽

Radoslav Micic ◽

Milan Tomic ◽

Natasa Djurisic-Mladenovic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Oxidation Stability ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Induction Periods ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Rancimat Method

This study evaluates six formulations in improving oxidation stability of different fatty acid methyl esters (MEs). Two MEs differed in the unsaturation levels as they were synthesized from different feedstocks: a blend of soybean and sunflower oils (SoSuME), and waste cooking oil (WCOME); they did not fulfill the requirements of the EN 14214 standard concerning the oxidation stability (~0.6 h) and some impurities. The third MEs (SoSuME-EN) were fully compliant with the standard. Five formulations were phenolic-based, containing single or mixed antioxidant compounds of different molecular structures; one was amine-based. Different dosages of the formulations were added to the ME samples (corresponding to the addition range ~50-48300 ppm). The MEs stability expressed as induction periods, IPs, determined by the Rancimat method, were used for calculation of stabilization factors, SFs, indicating the efficiency of the applied formulation. The formulation containing TBHQ was the most efficient concerning the lowest consumption rate and the highest SF achieved for the low quality ME. 2,2?-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) was linked with higher antioxidant potency than amine-based formulation and the phenolic com-pounds with two bulky tert-butyl groups. Among 4 selected phenolic additives, BHT and 2,2?-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) proved similar efficiency in SoSuME-EN (at ~500 ppm they produced SF~2), while it took twice of this amount for mixed butylphenols to achieve the same effect.

Download Full-text

Combustion characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters derived from recycled cooking oil

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2007.02.029 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 86 (17-18) ◽

pp. 2810-2816 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Yo-ping Greg Wu ◽

Ya-fen Lin ◽

Chang-Tang Chang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Combustion Characteristics ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Methyl

Download Full-text

Synthesis of Biodiesel by Different Carriers Supported KOH Catalyst

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.197 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 581-582 ◽

pp. 197-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ling Mei Yang ◽

Peng Mei Lv ◽

Zhen Hong Yuan ◽

Wen Luo ◽

Hui Wen Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Catalyst Amount ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

And Performance

Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl eaters was found proceed in the presence of KOH loaded on five different oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Bentonite, kaolin) as heterogeneous catalysts. The structure and performance of these catalysts were studied using the techniques of XRD, CO2-TPD, and SEM. It was found that the 15wt% KOH/CaO catalyst provided best activity. In the presence of this catalyst, the yield of fatty acid methyl esters was 97.1%. The reaction conditions were as follows: methanol to soybean oil molar ratio was 16:1, temperature of 65 °C, reaction time of 1 h, and a catalyst amount of 4 wt%. The catalysts of KOH loaded on CaO showed a new crystalline phase of K2O. However, the catalyst of 15-KOH/CaO has more basic sites than the catalyst of 15-KOH/MgO. Therefore, the catalyst of 15-KOH/CaO has been associated with higher transesterification activity.

Download Full-text

Transformation of Triglycerides to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Hydrophilic Sulfonated Silica (SiO2-SO3H) as Catalyst and Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Toluene or DMSO

10.20944/preprints202201.0013.v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sandro Luiz Barbosa Santos ◽

Adeline C. Pereira Rocha ◽

David Lee Nelson ◽

Milton Souza Freitas ◽

Antônio A. P. Fulgêncio Mestre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Aliquat 336 ◽

Co Catalyst ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Sulfonated Silica

Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with methanol in refluxing toluene to yield mixtures of diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 20% (w/w) catalyst/oil using the hydrophilic sulfonated silica (SiO2-SO3H) catalyst alone or with the addition of 10% (w/w) co-catalyst/oil [(Bun4N)](BF4) or Aliquat 336]. The addition of the ammonium salts to the catalyst lead to a decrease in the amounts of diglycerides in the products, but the concentrations of monoglycerides increased. Mixtures of [(Bun4N)](BF4)/catalyst were superior to catalyst alone or Aliquat 336/catalyst for promoting the production of mixtures with high concentrations of FAMEs. The same experiments were repeated using DMSO as the solvent. The use of the more polar solvent resulted in excellent conversion of the triglycerides to FAME esters with all three-catalyst media. A simplified mechanism is presented to account for the experimental results.

Download Full-text