Effects of Auditory and Visual Pretraining on Performance in a Tactile Discrimination Task

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1057-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine V. Houck ◽  
D. Bruce Gardner ◽  
Donna Ruhl
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Tactile Discrimination ◽  
Group V ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
Group A ◽  
Learning Set ◽  
Integration Problems

Three groups of children were compared for performance in a tactile discrimination task. Group A had received auditory pretraining; Group V had received visual pretraining; Group C received only familiarization with the room and apparatus. The basis of discrimination in all three modalities was “one” vs “two.” Both visual and auditory pretraining facilitated performance in the tactile task. Visual pretraining was more effective than auditory, in its facilitating effects on tactile discrimination. Findings ate not fully accounted for under the heading of learning set, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive theory of sensory integration. Problems in providing an adequate control experience with the apparatus without transfer of learning to the final task for Group C and problems of comparability of tasks in different modalities are discussed.

Explicit Norm Structuring Process: A Strategy for Increasing Task-Group Effectiveness

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Spich ◽  
Kenneth Keleman
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Group Effectiveness ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Learning Set ◽  
And Control

Recent data and experience have shown apparent increased individ ual frustration with involvement in group work in a learning set ting. A major source of frustration was found in apparent ineffec tiveness of work groups to secure individual member compliance and control for deviant behavior. This research defines, develops, and demonstrates application of an explicit norm structuring proce dure designed to increase group influence over individual member and reduce frustration with group work.

Nonlinear integration of multispectral information: Human colour vision analogues to sensory integration in rattlesnake

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Vincent A. Billock ◽  
Brian H. Tsou
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Neural Synchronization ◽  
Synchronization Mechanism ◽  
Integration Problems

Information integration occurs at every sensory scale and although distinctions are made for integration between and within senses, integration at intermediate scales may exploit familiar mechanisms. Here, we explore this idea by applying a sensory integration mechanism to some poorly understood multispectral integration problems in human colour vision. Billock and Tsou (IMRF, 2011) used a binding-like neural synchronization mechanism to model intensity-dependent (inverse) enhancement of visual responses by auditory stimulation in cat. The same model also applies to mutual enhancement of visual and infrared responses in rattlesnake, suggesting that a similar mechanism could model integration of spectral information in human colour vision. For example, chromatic brightness is thought to be a vector-like nonlinear combination of luminance and chromatic channels; its neural correlate is unknown. We model its spectral sensitivity by pairwise excitatory synchronization between luminance (broadband) neurons and cortically rectified L+M- and S+M-L- LGN neurons. Similarly, the yellow lobe of the yellow-blue opponent channel is known to be a nonlinearly enhanced combination of long- and medium-wavelength-sensitive inputs, but no sensible neural model for this interaction has been advanced. We model the spectral sensitivity of ‘yellowness’ using excitatory synchronization between cortically rectified L+M+S- and M+L- LGN units. The inputs for both simulations were macaque neural firing rate data (DeValois et al., 1966). Fascinatingly, in both cases, multispectral integration in human colour vision was well modeled using the rattlesnake/cat neural synchronization equations without any use of fitting parameters. This is the first application of sensory integration concepts to human colour vision transformations.

Discrimination Pretraining and Sound Learning

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris Winitz ◽  
Linda Preisler
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Automatic Programming ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sound Discrimination ◽  
Group B ◽  
Sound Learning

Sound production learning as a function of sound discrimination learning was investigated. First grade Ss who were observed to utter /skrə'b/ for /srə'b/ were assigned to two discrimination pretraining groups ( N = 15 in each group): Group A, discrimination training on /skrə'b/-/srə'b/ and Group B, discrimination training on /sliyp/-/∫liyp/. The discrimination task was taught through the use of automatic programming devices. Following discrimination training it was found that /srə'b/ was uttered correctly by two-thirds of Ss in Group A, but was uttered incorrectly by all Ss in Group B. It was concluded that sound discrimination training effectively facilitated sound production learning and that automatic sound discrimination programming appears feasible.

scholarly journals Dissociation in the Effects of Induced Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia on Rapid Auditory Processing and Spatial Working Memory in Male Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 440-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Smith ◽  
Michelle Alexander ◽  
James J. Chrobak ◽  
Ted S. Rosenkrantz ◽  
R. Holly Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Anatomic Measures ◽  
Testing Group

Infants born prematurely are at risk for cardiovascular events causing hypoxia-ischemia (HI; reduced blood and oxygen to the brain). HI in turn can cause neuropathology, though patterns of damage are sometimes diffuse and often highly variable (with clinical heterogeneity further magnified by rapid development). As a result, though HI injury is associated with long-term behavioral and cognitive impairments in general, pathology indices for specific infants can provide only limited insight into individual prognosis. The current paper addresses this important clinical issue using a rat model that simulates unilateral HI in a late preterm infant coupled with long-term behavioral evaluation in two processing domains - auditory discrimination and spatial learning/memory. We examined the following: (1) whether deficits on one task would predict deficits on the other (suggesting that subjects with more severe injury perform worse across all cognitive domains) or (2) whether domain-specific outcomes among HI-injured subjects would be uncorrelated (suggesting differential damage to orthogonal neural systems). All animals (sham and HI) received initial auditory testing and were assigned to additional auditory testing (group A) or spatial maze testing (group B). This allowed within-task (group A) and between-task (group B) correlation. Anatomic measures of cortical, hippocampal and ventricular volume (indexing HI damage) were also obtained and correlated against behavioral measures. Results showed that auditory discrimination in the juvenile period was not correlated with spatial working memory in adulthood (group B) in either sham or HI rats. Conversely, early auditory processing performance for group A HI animals significantly predicted auditory deficits in adulthood (p = 0.05; no correlation in shams). Anatomic data also revealed significant relationships between the volumes of different brain areas within both HI and shams, but anatomic measures did not correlate with any behavioral measure in the HI group (though we saw a hippocampal/spatial correlation in shams, in the expected direction). Overall, current data provide an impetus to enhance tools for characterizing individual HI-related pathology in neonates, which could provide more accurate individual prognoses within specific cognitive/behavioral domains and thus improved patient-specific early interventions.

Position Reversal Training in the Virginia Opossum: Evidence for the Acquisition of a Learning Set

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Friedman ◽  
David A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Daily Session ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Reversal Training ◽  
Position Learning ◽  
Learning Set ◽  
Virginia Opossum

To obtain an estimate of the learning ability of opossums, five tame ones were trained on a series of position reversals to a criterion. With 4 trials per day there was no consistent improvement over a series of 15 reversals. When each daily session was increased to as many trials as needed to reach criterion, errors dropped sharply, indicating the formation of a position learning set. Upon return to 4 trials per day, 3 of 4 animals continued to perform with few errors, showing transfer of learning set. Opossums do more poorly than rats on this task, which is in agreement with the relative phyletic level of the two species.

scholarly journals Proprioception Impairment and Treatment Approaches in Pediatrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamatchi Kaviraja
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Proprioceptive Input ◽  
Integration Problems

In children problems like trauma and injuries are quite obvious. Other problems related to sensory system dysfunction are identified at the later stages of the child due to lack of awareness of the sensory integration problems which is not obvious. Some children have behavioral problems and some are poor at the school which is related to each other finally cause trouble to perform their daily routine. Early identification and intervention play a major role in improving the ability and development of the proprioceptive senses. Hence this chapter will introduce the new aspect of proprioception sense and its dysfunction. It would enhance you to identify the problems and understand the challenges that the child come across due to increase or decrease in proprioceptive input. We will be able to help them to overcome these challenges and frame a treatment strategy and help them to lead a successful life.

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