Reward, Punishment and Reversal on a Mirror-Tracing Task

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Borresen
Keyword(s):  
Informational Content ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Mirror Tracing

In an attempt to “equate” punishment and reward, a situation was devised where the informational content, intensity and method of delivery were the same. On a mirror-tracing task both punishment and reward affected Ss' performance. The initial effect of punishment was more pronounced than the initial effect of reward. When Ss were told to reverse the direction of tracing, degradation of performance was less for the punished group than for the reward group.

Comparative assessment of informational content of the equations of F.P. Hadlock and the computer program of V.N. Demidov in determination of term of gestation and fetal weight in the III trimester of gestation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Derkach , O.I. Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third

Objectives: to compare the accuracy of equations F.P. Hadlock and computer programs by V.N. Demidov in determining gestational age and fetal weight in the third trimester of gestation. Materials: 328 patients in terms 36–42 weeks of gestation are examined. Ultrasonography was performed in 0–5 days prior to childbirth. Results: it is established that the average mistake in determination of term of pregnancy when using the equation of F.P. Hadlock made 12,5 days, the computer program of V.N. Demidov – 4,4 days (distinction 2,8 times). The mistake within 4 days, when using the equation of F.P. Hadlock has met on average in 23,1 % of observations, the computer program of V.N. Demidov — 65,9 % (difference in 2,9 times). The mistake more than 10 days, took place respectively in 51,7 and 8,2 % (distinction by 6,3 times). At a comparative assessment of size of a mistake in determination of fetal mass it is established that when using the equation of F.P. Hadlock it has averaged 281,0 g, at application of the computer program of V.N. Demidov — 182,5 g (distinction of 54 %). The small mistake in the mass of a fetus which isn't exceeding 200 g at application of the equation of F.P. Hadlock has met in 48,1 % of cases and the computer program of V.N. Demidov — 64,0 % (distinction of 33,1 %). The mistake exceeding 500 g has been stated in 18 % (F.P. Hadlock) and 4,3 % (V.N. Demidov) respectively (distinction 4,2 times). Conclusions: the computer program of V.N. Demidov has high precision in determination of term of a gestation and mass of a fetus in the III pregnancy.

The Outcome Effect and Professional Skepticism: A Replication and a Failed Attempt at Mitigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Brazel ◽  
Christine Gimbar ◽  
Eldar M. Maksymov ◽  
Tammie J. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Professional Skepticism ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Failed Attempt ◽  
Negative Outcome

ABSTRACT In this research note, we replicate Brazel, Jackson, Schaefer, and Stewart's (2016) study of how auditors evaluate skeptical behavior. Like the original study, we find that evaluators reward audit staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism and identify a misstatement (positive outcome). However, when no misstatement is identified (negative outcome), evaluators penalize staff who exercise appropriate levels of skepticism. One factor causing this outcome effect may be that exercising skepticism typically causes budget overages due to additional testing. Hence, we examine whether formally attributing the budget overage to skeptical judgments and actions in the audit budget file reduces outcome effects. However, while replicating the initial effect across three separate studies, we have been unable to reduce this effect. Thus, it is clear that the outcome effect in this context is very robust. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

Pragmatics for Latin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Devine ◽  
Laurence D. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
Association With Focus ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Order Language ◽  
Free Word

Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Hidden Informational Content of Protein Sequences

2010 ◽  
Vol 285 (40) ◽  
pp. 30989-31001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Qing-xin Hua ◽  
Shi-Quan Hu ◽  
Wenhua Jia ◽  
Yanwu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Informational Content

Correlations of Scores on Embedded Figures and Mirror Tracing with Preclinical Technique Grades and Pmat Scores of Dental Students

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wilson ◽  
Richard P. Suddick ◽  
Jeffrey S. Shay ◽  
Frank E. Hustmyer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Tracing Test ◽  
Admissions Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Mirror Tracing

For 20 dental students the relationships of field dependency, scores on the dental admissions test, grades in technique courses, and time and error scores on mirror-tracing tests were studied. Significant correlations (–.48, –.58, –.65) were found between field-dependency scores and scores on the perceptual-motor abilities subtest of the Dental Admissions Test and between mirror-tracing test and pre-clinical operative grades (–.53). These preliminary results indicate that study of the perceptual-cognitive styles of dental students is warranted to evaluate the potential utility of these measures in counseling and admissions. The mirror-tracing tests appear to have potential advantages as objective measures of psychomotor skills and learning ability.

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