Scaling Apparent Distance in a Large Open Field: Presence of a Standard Does Not Increase the Exponent of the Power Function

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Aparecido Da Silva ◽  
Raquel Alves Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Apparent Distance ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Actual Distance ◽  
Standard Distance ◽  
Outdoor Setting

Apparent distance in a large open field was scaled by the method of magnitude estimation with or without a standard distance present. The presence of the standard did not increase the exponent of the power law. The average exponent of the power function relating judged to physical distance was .87. The results are consistent with those of other studies showing that apparent distance is a decelerating function of actual distance in a natural outdoor setting.

Scaling Apparent Distance in a Large Open Field: Some New Data

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Aparecido Da Silva ◽  
Cleuza Beatriz Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Apparent Distance ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
The Mean

Judged distance in a large open field, scaled by the method of magnitude estimation, is related to physical distance by a power function with an exponent smaller than unity. The exponents obtained with two ranges of distance were not affected by the availability of a standard. The mean exponent for all 80 individual power functions was 0.86, with a standard deviation of 0.11.

Stability of Individual Psychophysical Functions for Perceived Distance in Natural Indoor and Outdoor Settings

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 891-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Aparecido da Silva ◽  
Sergio Sheiji Fukusima
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Apparent Distance ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Outdoor Setting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Exp. 1 examined correlations of the power functions exponents for individual observers, for apparent distance in a natural indoor setting, obtained for a group of 9 observers over 5 experimental sessions separated by intersession intervals that varied from 1 day to 9 mo. Stable individual differences in the exponent of the psychophysical power law were shown. Intercorrelations of subjects' exponents were positive and reliable with 1 day between sessions and 9 mo. In Exp. 2 the estimates of apparent distance were made by 5 independent groups of 10 observers each, tested and retested at different intersession intervals. There were 5 intervals of 1 day to 9 mo. Fair temporal stability of psychophysical power function exponents was observed in most groups. In Exp. 3 psychophysical power functions were obtained from magnitude estimates of apparent distance in a natural outdoor setting. The same 10 observers were tested and then retested after 1 day and again after 1 yr. Significant correlations for both intersessions intervals indicated consistent and persisting individual differences. Taken together Exps. 1, 2, and 3, regardless of the environment in which distance estimates were performed, clearly demonstrate that power functions are repeatable, enduring, and characteristic of individuals. In addition, the mean exponents were in reasonable agreement with other reported apparent distance exponents obtained in both settings.

Using Psychophysics to Design Speech Warnings

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 698-701
Author(s):  
E. Hellier ◽  
B. Weedon ◽  
J. Edworthy ◽  
K. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Acoustic Parameter ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Power Function Exponent

An experiment is reported which applies psychophysical scaling techniques to the design of speech warnings. Participants used magnitude estimation to rate the perceived urgency of computer generated warning signal words (Deadly, Danger, Warning, Caution, Note) that varied systematically in speed. Stevens (1957) Power Law was used to model the relationship between changes in the acoustic parameter and changes in the perceived urgency of a particular signal word. The value for warning designers of the power function exponent, which quantifies and predicts the effect of acoustic changes on perceived urgency, is discussed.

Psychophysical Relationships Between Perceived Sweetness and Color in Cherry-Flavored Beverages

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. JOHNSON ◽  
E. DZENDOLET ◽  
R. DAMON ◽  
M. SAWYER ◽  
F. M. CLYDESDALE
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Recording Spectrophotometer ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Power Function Exponent

Sweetness of cherry-flavored and colored beverages, containing 3.2 to 4.8% sucrose, was quantified by a panel of 10 men and women, ages 22–50, using magnitude estimation. Five intensities of cherry colors were formulated using increasing volumes of Red 40 and a constant volume of both Blue 1 and imitation cherry flavoring. Color measurements from the Gardner XL-23 Colorimeter and the G. E. Recording Spectrophotometer were converted to L*, a* and b*. Sweetness was evaluated against sucrose concentration and arctan (a*/b*). Magnitude tests to evaluate color acceptability and pleasantness were also conducted. All magnitude estimates were normalized and subjected to a two-way ANOVA. Sweetness perception was highly correlated with increasing sucrose concentration (r2> .90), producing a power function exponent of 1.98. Sweetness increased approximately 3 to 13% with increasing color intensity in solutions containing 3.96 to 4.4% sucrose. The exponent describing the sweetness-color relationship was less than 1.0, and followed the power law over a narrow range of color intensities. Color 4 was the most acceptable color and color 3 containing 4.6% sucrose had the most pleasant taste. Color might be used to replace some sucrose and can optimize pleasurable taste sensations.

scholarly journals CASIMIR EFFECTS IN GRAPHENE SYSTEMS: UNEXPECTED POWER LAWS

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
BO E. SERNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Sheet ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Graphene Sheets ◽  
Zero Temperature ◽  
Actual Distance ◽  
Distance Dependence

We present calculations of the zero-temperature Casimir interaction between two freestanding graphene sheets as well as between a graphene sheet and a substrate. Results are given for undoped graphene and for a set of doping levels covering the range of experimentally accessible values. We describe different approaches that can be used to derive the interaction. We point out both the predicted power law for the interaction and the actual distance dependence.

Magnitude Estimation of Absolute Distance Underwater

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Optical Distortion ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Power Function Exponent

Direct estimates of absolute distance were obtained in air and in water of varying turbidity. Distance in water was under- or overestimated, depending on the interaction of 3 factors: (1) a general tendency to underestimate; (2) optical distortion, which causes underestimation; and (3) water turbidity, which increases the magnitude of judgments, and whose effect increases with distance. Also, whereas the power-function exponent for distance estimation in air was slightly less than 1.0, exponents in water were greater than 1.0 and increased with increased turbidity.

scholarly journals Assessing power function relationships in magnitude estimation

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barsha J. Coleman ◽  
Richard G. Graf ◽  
Edward F. Alf
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Magnitude Estimation

scholarly journals Geography, Trade, and Power-Law Phenomena

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pao-Li Chang ◽  
Wen-Tai Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Firm Heterogeneity ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Tail Probability ◽  
Gravity Equation ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
City Size

This article reviews interrelated power-law phenomena in geography and trade. Given the empirical evidence on the gravity equation in trade flows across countries and regions, its theoretical underpinnings are reviewed. The gravity equation amounts to saying that trade flows follow a power law in distance (or geographic barriers). It is concluded that in the environment with firm heterogeneity, the power law in firm size is the key condition for the gravity equation to arise. A distribution is said to follow a power law if its tail probability follows a power function in the distribution’s right tail. The second part of this article reviews the literature that provides the microfoundation for the power law in firm size and reviews how this power law (in firm size) may be related to the power laws in other distributions (in incomes, firm productivity and city size).

scholarly journals Effects of Symmetry and Apparent Distance in a Parasagittal-Mirror Variant of the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhana de Silva ◽  
Haiwen Chen ◽  
Sasha Isaac ◽  
Rebekah C. White ◽  
Martin Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Distance ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Prosthetic Hand ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Face

When I see my face in a mirror, its apparent position (behind the glass) is not one that my own face could be in. I accept the face I see as my own because I have an implicit understanding of how mirrors work. The situation is different if I look at the reflection of my right hand in a parasagittal mirror (parallel to body midline) when my left hand is hidden behind the mirror. It is as if I were looking through a window at my own left hand. The experience of body ownership has been investigated using rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigms, and several studies have demonstrated ownership of a rubber hand viewed in a frontal mirror. Our “proof of concept” study was the first to combine use of a parasagittal mirror and synchronous stroking of both a prosthetic hand (viewed in the mirror) and the participant’s hand, with a manipulation of distance between the hands. The strength of the RHI elicited by our parasagittal-mirror paradigm depended not on physical distance between the hands (30, 45, or 60 cm) but on apparent distance between the prosthetic hand (viewed in the mirror) and the participant’s hand. This apparent distance was reduced to zero when the prosthetic hand and participant’s hand were arranged symmetrically (e.g., 30 cm in front of and behind the mirror). Thus, the parasagittal-mirror paradigm may provide a distinctive way to assess whether competition for ownership depends on spatial separation between the prosthetic hand and the participant’s hand.

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